F211 Transport In Animals Flashcards
0
Q
Veins
Function
A
Transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart at low pressure
1
Q
Arteries
Function
A
Transport oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure
2
Q
Capillaries
Function
A
Transport both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood past cells to allow for the exchange of materials
3
Q
Arteries
Lumen Size
A
Relatively small to maintain blood pressure
4
Q
Veins
Lumen Size
A
Relatively large to ease the flow of blood
5
Q
Capillaries
Lumen Size
A
Very narrow to ensure that erythrocytes are squeezed helping them to give up their oxygen and reducing the distance for diffusion
6
Q
Arteries
Endothelium
A
Folded but can unfold when the artery stretches to reduce friction with the blood
7
Q
Veins
Endothelium
A
Smooth to reduce friction
8
Q
Capillaries
Endothelium
A
Smooth to reduce friction
9
Q
Arteries
Muscular Tissue
A
Thick layer stretches to allow the blood vessel to with stand high blood pressure
10
Q
Veins
Muscular Tissue
A
Thin layer as they don’t have to withstand high blood pressure
11
Q
Capillaries
Muscular Tissue
A
Not present
12
Q
Arteries
Elastic Fibres
A
Thick layer recoils to constrict the lumen size and maintain high blood pressure
13
Q
Veins
Elastic Fibre
A
Thin layer as they don’t need to maintain pressure
14
Q
Capillaries
Elastic Fibre
A
Not present
15
Q
Arteries
Valves
A
Not present
16
Q
Veins
Valves
A
Prevent the blood from flowing backwards the wrong way because it is at low pressure
17
Q
Capillaries
Valves
A
Not present
18
Q
Arteries
Collagen
A
Thick layer to reinforce the wall
19
Q
Veins
Collagen
A
Fibrous proteins or strength
20
Q
Capillaries
Collagen
A
Not present
21
Q
Myogenic Heart
A
The heart produces its own impulses so controls its own beating
22
Q
Open Circulatory System
A
Simple heart pumps blood into a big open cavity around the organs inside the organism
Substances in the blood diffuse into cells
Blood is sucked back into the heart through small valved openings when the heart relaxes
There are no blood vessels
23
Q
Open Circulatory System
Disadvantages
A
Very inefficient
Takes a long time
24
Single Closed Circulatory System
Blood flows through the heart once in each circulation of the body
25
Single Closed Circulatory System
| Fish
Atrium receives blood from the body
Ventricle pumps blood to the gills
Gas Exchange
Blood pumped to body
26
Single Closed Circulatory System
| Advantages
Blood travels faster and at higher pressure than an open circulatory system
Substances transported more efficiently so the organism can be bigger and more active
27
Single Closed Circulatory System
| Limitations
Blood pressure drops between gas exchange and body
28
Double Closed Circulatory System
A transport system in which blood travels twice through the heart for each complete circulation of the body
29
Double Closed Circulatory System
| Mammals
Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body
30
Double Closed Circulatory System
| Advantages
```
Blood pressure is increased after gas exchange so blood is pumped to the body at a higher pressure
The systemic (body) circulation can carry blood at higher pressure than the pulmonary circulation
```
31
Double Closed Circulatory System
| Limitations
Blood pressure cannot be high in the pulmonary circulation as delicate lung capillaries as they may be damaged
32
Large Animal Transport Systems
| Size
Once an animal has a few layers of cells respiration by diffusion is no longer effective
Oxygen is used up by the outer cells
A transport system is required
33
Large Animal Transport Systems
| Surface Area : Volume Ratio
Large animals have a small surface area to volume ratio
Their surface area is too small to supply all the oxygen and nutrients they need by diffusion
They require a transport system
34
Large Animal Transport Systems
| Activity
If an animal is very active then it's cells need a good supply of oxygen to respire and produce energy
It needs an efficient transport system
35
The Mammalian Heart
```
Body
Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Open Right Atrioventricular Valve
Right Ventricle
Close AV Valve Open Semi Lunar Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Lungs
Pulmonary Vein
Left Atrium
Left Atrioventricular Valve
Left Ventricle
Close AV Valve Open Semi Lunar Valve
Aorta
Body
```
36
Heart Action
```
Sinoatrial Node produces electrical impulse
Impulse travels over atria causing atrial systole
Impulse reaches Atrioventricular node
Time delay
Impulse travels down bundle of his
Impulse travels along purkinje fibres
Ventricular systole
Diastole
```
37
Heart Action
| Non Conductive Tissue
Between the atria and ventricles
Prevents impulse from travelling straight across the ventricles from the atria
Instead the impulse travels up the sides of the ventricles from the apex of the heart pushing blood upwards through the semi lunar valves
38
Heart Action
| Why is there a time delay?
To allow time for the atria to empty and the ventricles to fill
39
Purkinje Fibres
Specially adapted muscles fibres that conduct a wave of excitation from the atrioventricular node down the septum to the ventricles
40
Sinoatrial Node
The heart's pacemaker
Small patch of tissue
Sends out electrical impulses at regular intervals to initiate contractions
41
Electrocardiogram
| Purpose
Monitors the electrical activity of the heart
42
Electrocardiogram
| P Wave
Atrial systole
43
Electrocardiogram
| PR Interval
Time delay at atrioventricular node
44
Electrocardiogram
| QRS Complex
Ventricular systole
45
Electrocardiogram
| T Wave
Diastole
46
Electrocardiogram
| Elevated ST Segment
Indicates a heart attack
47
Electrocardiogram
| Small P Wave
Atrial fibrillation - uncontrolled contraction
48
Electrocardiogram
| Deep S Wave
Ventricular hypertrophy- increased muscle thickness to overcome high blood pressure due to a blockage in a blood vessel
49
Blood / Hydrostatic Pressure
Measure of hydrostatic force exerted on the walls of a blood vessel by the blood
50
Blood Pressure
| Top Number
Systole
| Maximum blood pressure when heart contracts
51
Blood Pressure
| Bottom Number
Diastole
| Heart at rest
52
Low Blood Pressure
Inefficient
53
High Blood Pressure
Damage to blood vessel walls
| Edema- swelling due to retention of tissue fluid in cells
54
Formation of Tissue Fluid
Low hydrostatic pressures from tissue fluid
Little movement of water into blood by osmosis
Blood enter capillaries at high pressure
Plasma is forced out of the blood through fenestrations in the capillary walls
55
Movement of Tissue Fluid Back into Blood
Low blood pressure at the end of the capillaries
High hydrostatic pressure from tissue fluid
Water moves back into blood by osmosis
56
Tissue Fluid and Lymph
20% of tissue fluid drains into blind ended lymph capillaries
It flows in the lymph vessels and returns to the blood via the thoracic duct in the neck
57
Blood
| Hydrostatic Pressure
High
58
Tissue Fluid
| Hydrostatic Pressure
Low
59
Lymph
| Hydrostatic Pressure
Low
60
Blood
| Large Proteins
Yes
61
Tissue Fluid
| Large Proteins
No
62
Lymph
| Large Proteins
No
63
Blood
| Neutrophils
Yes
64
Tissue Fluid
| Neutrophils
Yes
65
Lymph
| Neutrophils
Yes
66
Bloods
| Erythrocytes
Yes
67
Tissue Fluid
| Erythrocytes
No
68
Lymph
| Erythrocytes
No
69
Blood
| Oxygen
More
70
Tissue Fluid
| Oxygen
Less
71
Lymph
| Oxygen
Less
72
Blood
| Carbon Dioxide
Less
73
Tissue Fluid
| Carbon Dioxide
More
74
Lymph
| Carbon Dioxide
More
75
Haemoglobin
4 globular proteins
1 iron ion - prosthetic group
Each molecule bonds to 4 oxygen molecules
Dark red
Allows erythrocytes to carry respiratory gases
High affinity for oxygen
76
Oxyhemoglobin
Bright Red
77
Haemoglobin
| Percentage Saturation and Partial Pressure
It is difficult for the first oxygen molecule to bind because the haem group is at the centre
When it is attached it changes the shape of the haemoglobin molecule making it easier for the second and third molecules to bind
It is very difficult for the fourth oxygen molecule to bind so the graph plateaus before 100%
78
Diffusion of Oxygen
| Alveoli to Erythrocyte
Oxygen diffuses from high partial pressure in the lungs to a lower partial pressure in the blood plasma
Then diffuses from low partial pressure in the plasma to a lower partial pressure in the erythrocytes
79
Diffusion of Oxygen
| Erythrocytes to Respiring Tissue
Oxygen dissociated from oxyhemoglobin at respiring tissue into the plasma
Then diffuses into the respiring cells where the partial pressure of oxygen is very low
80
Fetal and Maternal Haemoglobin
Feral haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen so that oxygen moves from the maternal blood to the fatal blood at the placenta
Feral and maternal blood must be kept separate or an immune response will be triggered
Higher oxygen affinity allows foetal haemoglobin to become saturated with oxygen at a lower partial pressure of oxygen
81
Transport of Carbon Dioxide
Dissolved in Plasma - 5%
Associated with haemoglobin, carbamionhaemoglobin - 10%
As hydrogen carbonate ions - 85%
83
The Bohr Effect
| Definition
The effect of carbon dioxide on the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen
84
The Bohr Effect
| Stages
Carbon dioxide diffuses into erythrocyte
Combined with water by enzyme carbonic anhydrase
Forms carbonic acid
Carbonic acid dissociates in to hydrogen and hydrogen carbonate
Negative hydrogen carbonate ion diffuses into plasma
Chloride ions shift into erythrocyte to equalise charge
Hydrogen ion increases acidity
Oxyhemoglobin dissociates under influence of hydrogen ions
Oxygen is released into the blood
Haemoglobin neutralises hydrogen forming haemoglobinic acid
