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AS Biology > F211 Transport In Animals > Flashcards

F211 Transport In Animals Flashcards

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0
Q

Veins

Function

A

Transport deoxygenated blood back to the heart at low pressure

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1
Q

Arteries

Function

A

Transport oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure

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2
Q

Capillaries

Function

A

Transport both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood past cells to allow for the exchange of materials

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3
Q

Arteries

Lumen Size

A

Relatively small to maintain blood pressure

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4
Q

Veins

Lumen Size

A

Relatively large to ease the flow of blood

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5
Q

Capillaries

Lumen Size

A

Very narrow to ensure that erythrocytes are squeezed helping them to give up their oxygen and reducing the distance for diffusion

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6
Q

Arteries

Endothelium

A

Folded but can unfold when the artery stretches to reduce friction with the blood

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7
Q

Veins

Endothelium

A

Smooth to reduce friction

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8
Q

Capillaries

Endothelium

A

Smooth to reduce friction

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9
Q

Arteries

Muscular Tissue

A

Thick layer stretches to allow the blood vessel to with stand high blood pressure

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10
Q

Veins

Muscular Tissue

A

Thin layer as they don’t have to withstand high blood pressure

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11
Q

Capillaries

Muscular Tissue

A

Not present

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12
Q

Arteries

Elastic Fibres

A

Thick layer recoils to constrict the lumen size and maintain high blood pressure

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13
Q

Veins

Elastic Fibre

A

Thin layer as they don’t need to maintain pressure

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14
Q

Capillaries

Elastic Fibre

A

Not present

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15
Q

Arteries

Valves

A

Not present

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16
Q

Veins

Valves

A

Prevent the blood from flowing backwards the wrong way because it is at low pressure

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17
Q

Capillaries

Valves

A

Not present

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18
Q

Arteries

Collagen

A

Thick layer to reinforce the wall

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19
Q

Veins

Collagen

A

Fibrous proteins or strength

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20
Q

Capillaries

Collagen

A

Not present

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21
Q

Myogenic Heart

A

The heart produces its own impulses so controls its own beating

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22
Q

Open Circulatory System

A

Simple heart pumps blood into a big open cavity around the organs inside the organism
Substances in the blood diffuse into cells
Blood is sucked back into the heart through small valved openings when the heart relaxes
There are no blood vessels

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23
Q

Open Circulatory System

Disadvantages

A

Very inefficient

Takes a long time

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24
Q

Single Closed Circulatory System

A

Blood flows through the heart once in each circulation of the body

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25
Q

Single Closed Circulatory System

Fish

A

Atrium receives blood from the body
Ventricle pumps blood to the gills
Gas Exchange
Blood pumped to body

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26
Q

Single Closed Circulatory System

Advantages

A

Blood travels faster and at higher pressure than an open circulatory system
Substances transported more efficiently so the organism can be bigger and more active

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27
Q

Single Closed Circulatory System

Limitations

A

Blood pressure drops between gas exchange and body

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28
Q

Double Closed Circulatory System

A

A transport system in which blood travels twice through the heart for each complete circulation of the body

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29
Q

Double Closed Circulatory System

Mammals

A

Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body

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30
Q

Double Closed Circulatory System

Advantages

A 
Blood pressure is increased after gas exchange so blood is pumped to the body at a higher pressure
The systemic (body) circulation can carry blood at higher pressure than the pulmonary circulation
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31
Q

Double Closed Circulatory System

Limitations

A

Blood pressure cannot be high in the pulmonary circulation as delicate lung capillaries as they may be damaged

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32
Q

Large Animal Transport Systems

Size

A

Once an animal has a few layers of cells respiration by diffusion is no longer effective
Oxygen is used up by the outer cells
A transport system is required

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33
Q

Large Animal Transport Systems

Surface Area : Volume Ratio

A

Large animals have a small surface area to volume ratio
Their surface area is too small to supply all the oxygen and nutrients they need by diffusion
They require a transport system

34
Q

Large Animal Transport Systems

Activity

A

If an animal is very active then it’s cells need a good supply of oxygen to respire and produce energy
It needs an efficient transport system

35
Q

The Mammalian Heart

A 
Body
Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Open Right Atrioventricular Valve
Right Ventricle
Close AV Valve Open Semi Lunar Valve
Pulmonary Artery
Lungs
Pulmonary Vein
Left Atrium
Left Atrioventricular Valve
Left Ventricle
Close AV Valve Open Semi Lunar Valve
Aorta
Body
36
Q

Heart Action

A 
Sinoatrial Node produces electrical impulse
Impulse travels over atria causing atrial systole
Impulse reaches Atrioventricular node
Time delay
Impulse travels down bundle of his
Impulse travels along purkinje fibres
Ventricular systole
Diastole
37
Q

Heart Action

Non Conductive Tissue

A

Between the atria and ventricles
Prevents impulse from travelling straight across the ventricles from the atria
Instead the impulse travels up the sides of the ventricles from the apex of the heart pushing blood upwards through the semi lunar valves

38
Q

Heart Action

Why is there a time delay?

A

To allow time for the atria to empty and the ventricles to fill

39
Q

Purkinje Fibres

A

Specially adapted muscles fibres that conduct a wave of excitation from the atrioventricular node down the septum to the ventricles

40
Q

Sinoatrial Node

A

The heart’s pacemaker
Small patch of tissue
Sends out electrical impulses at regular intervals to initiate contractions

41
Q

Electrocardiogram

Purpose

A

Monitors the electrical activity of the heart

42
Q

Electrocardiogram

P Wave

A

Atrial systole

43
Q

Electrocardiogram

PR Interval

A

Time delay at atrioventricular node

44
Q

Electrocardiogram

QRS Complex

A

Ventricular systole

45
Q

Electrocardiogram

T Wave

A

Diastole

46
Q

Electrocardiogram

Elevated ST Segment

A

Indicates a heart attack

47
Q

Electrocardiogram

Small P Wave

A

Atrial fibrillation - uncontrolled contraction

48
Q

Electrocardiogram

Deep S Wave

A

Ventricular hypertrophy- increased muscle thickness to overcome high blood pressure due to a blockage in a blood vessel

49
Q

Blood / Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Measure of hydrostatic force exerted on the walls of a blood vessel by the blood

50
Q

Blood Pressure

Top Number

A

Systole

Maximum blood pressure when heart contracts

51
Q

Blood Pressure

Bottom Number

A

Diastole

Heart at rest

52
Q

Low Blood Pressure

A

Inefficient

53
Q

High Blood Pressure

A

Damage to blood vessel walls

Edema- swelling due to retention of tissue fluid in cells

54
Q

Formation of Tissue Fluid

A

Low hydrostatic pressures from tissue fluid
Little movement of water into blood by osmosis
Blood enter capillaries at high pressure
Plasma is forced out of the blood through fenestrations in the capillary walls

55
Q

Movement of Tissue Fluid Back into Blood

A

Low blood pressure at the end of the capillaries
High hydrostatic pressure from tissue fluid
Water moves back into blood by osmosis

56
Q

Tissue Fluid and Lymph

A

20% of tissue fluid drains into blind ended lymph capillaries
It flows in the lymph vessels and returns to the blood via the thoracic duct in the neck

57
Q

Blood

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

High

58
Q

Tissue Fluid

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Low

59
Q

Lymph

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

Low

60
Q

Blood

Large Proteins

A

Yes

61
Q

Tissue Fluid

Large Proteins

A

No

62
Q

Lymph

Large Proteins

A

No

63
Q

Blood

Neutrophils

A

Yes

64
Q

Tissue Fluid

Neutrophils

A

Yes

65
Q

Lymph

Neutrophils

A

Yes

66
Q

Bloods

Erythrocytes

A

Yes

67
Q

Tissue Fluid

Erythrocytes

A

No

68
Q

Lymph

Erythrocytes

A

No

69
Q

Blood

Oxygen

A

More

70
Q

Tissue Fluid

Oxygen

A

Less

71
Q

Lymph

Oxygen

A

Less

72
Q

Blood

Carbon Dioxide

A

Less

73
Q

Tissue Fluid

Carbon Dioxide

A

More

74
Q

Lymph

Carbon Dioxide

A

More

75
Q

Haemoglobin

A

4 globular proteins
1 iron ion - prosthetic group
Each molecule bonds to 4 oxygen molecules
Dark red
Allows erythrocytes to carry respiratory gases
High affinity for oxygen

76
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Bright Red

77
Q

Haemoglobin

Percentage Saturation and Partial Pressure

A

It is difficult for the first oxygen molecule to bind because the haem group is at the centre
When it is attached it changes the shape of the haemoglobin molecule making it easier for the second and third molecules to bind
It is very difficult for the fourth oxygen molecule to bind so the graph plateaus before 100%

78
Q

Diffusion of Oxygen

Alveoli to Erythrocyte

A

Oxygen diffuses from high partial pressure in the lungs to a lower partial pressure in the blood plasma
Then diffuses from low partial pressure in the plasma to a lower partial pressure in the erythrocytes

79
Q

Diffusion of Oxygen

Erythrocytes to Respiring Tissue

A

Oxygen dissociated from oxyhemoglobin at respiring tissue into the plasma
Then diffuses into the respiring cells where the partial pressure of oxygen is very low

80
Q

Fetal and Maternal Haemoglobin

A

Feral haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen so that oxygen moves from the maternal blood to the fatal blood at the placenta
Feral and maternal blood must be kept separate or an immune response will be triggered
Higher oxygen affinity allows foetal haemoglobin to become saturated with oxygen at a lower partial pressure of oxygen

81
Q

Transport of Carbon Dioxide

A

Dissolved in Plasma - 5%

Associated with haemoglobin, carbamionhaemoglobin - 10%

As hydrogen carbonate ions - 85%

83
Q

The Bohr Effect

Definition

A

The effect of carbon dioxide on the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

84
Q

The Bohr Effect

Stages

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses into erythrocyte
Combined with water by enzyme carbonic anhydrase
Forms carbonic acid
Carbonic acid dissociates in to hydrogen and hydrogen carbonate
Negative hydrogen carbonate ion diffuses into plasma
Chloride ions shift into erythrocyte to equalise charge
Hydrogen ion increases acidity
Oxyhemoglobin dissociates under influence of hydrogen ions
Oxygen is released into the blood
Haemoglobin neutralises hydrogen forming haemoglobinic acid

AS Biology (15 decks)

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