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AS Biology > F211 Cell Division, Cell Diversity, Cellular Organisation > Flashcards

F211 Cell Division, Cell Diversity, Cellular Organisation Flashcards

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0
Q

Interphase

Phases

A

Growth 1
Synthesis
Growth 2

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1
Q

Cell Cycle

A

Nuclear division, mitosis, is only a very small part of the cycle, a third of the other three phases
Growth 1, Synthesis, Growth 2, take up a third each of the rest of the cycle

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2
Q

Interphase

Growth 1

A

First and longest growth stage
Organelles produced
Cytoplasm volume increases

46 chromosomes

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3
Q

Interphase

Synthesis

A

Chromosome replication
DNA content doubles

92 chromosomes

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4
Q

Interphase

Growth 2

A

Second growth phase
Cytoskeleton breaks down
Checks that the copied DNA is correct

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5
Q

Mitosis

Phase

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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6
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes shorten and thicken, coil around histones
Nuclear envelope breaks down and disappears
Centriole divides in two
Each daughter centriole moves to the opposite poles of the cell
Centrioles organise the spindle, a 3D structure made of microtubles

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7
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes move to the central region of the spindle, the equator
Each chromosome becomes attached to a spindle thread by its centromere

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8
Q

Anaphase

A

Replicated chromatid pairs separate when the centromere holding them together splits
Spindle fibres shorten pulling the sister chromatids away from each other towards the poles
They assume a V shape because they are pulled by their centre

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9
Q

Telophase

A

The separated chromatids reach the poles of the cell
A new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes
The spindle breaks down and disappears
The chromosomes uncoil

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10
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cell division

Takes place after mitosis

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11
Q

Cytokinesis

In Animal Cells

A

The membrane constricts around the middle of the cell
A ring of protein filaments bound to the surface of the cell membrane contract until the cell is divided into two, actin and myosin
The daughter cell is genetically identical to the parent cell

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12
Q

Cytokinesis

In Plants

A

Only happens at meristems

A new cell wall plate is synthesised between the two new cells where the spindle was

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13
Q

Homologous Pair of Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that have the same genes at the same loci
Pair up during meiosis
One chromosome from each parent
Made up of genes that code for the same thing

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14
Q

Purposes of Mitosis

A 
Produces cells which are genetically identical to the parent and can therefore perform the same function. This is used for:
Asexual Reproduction
Growth
Repair
Replacement
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15
Q

Purpose of Mitosis

Asexual Reproduction

A

Single called organisms divide to produce two daughter cells that are separate organisms
Some multicellular organisms produce offspring from parts of the parent

15
Q

Purpose of Mitosis

Repair

A

Damaged cells need to be replaced by new ones that are identical so they can do the same function

16
Q

Purpose of Mitosis

Growth

A

Multicellular organisms grow by producing new extra cells

Each new cell is genetically identical to the parent so can perform he same functions

17
Q

Purpose of Mitosis

Replacement

A

Red blood cells and skin cells are replaced by new ones

18
Q

Budding in Yeast

A

Growth 1
Synthesis - budding begins as DNA replicates
Growth 2
Mitosis
Cytokinesis, the bud separates from the parent cell

19
Q

Products of Meiosis

A

4 gametes
Not genetically identical
Contain half the genetic material / number of chromosomes

20
Q

Stem Cell

A

Undifferentiated cells that are capable of becoming differentiated to a number of possible cell types
Totipotent

21
Q

Differentiation

Definition

A

The development and changes seen in cells as they mature to form specialised cells

22
Q

Differentiation

Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

A

Produced form undifferentiated cells in bone marrow
Lose their nucleus, mitochondria, golgi body and rough endoplasmic reticulum
Packed full of protein haemoglobin
Shape changes to be bio concave
Allows them to triplet oxygen efficiently in the blood

23
Q

Differentiation

Neutrophils

A

Differentiated from stem cells in the bone marrow
Produce enormous numbers of lysosomes
To produce enzymes to digest engulfed microorganisms

24
Q

Differentiation

Phloem Sieve Tubes

A

Differentiated from cambium
Cells elongate and line up end to end to form a long tube
Ends of cells do not break down completely but form sieve plates which allow the movement of materials up or down the tubes

25
Q

Differentiation

Xylem Vessels

A

Differentiated from cambium
Small cells that elongate
Walls become reinforced and waterproofed by lignin which kills the contents of the cell
Ends of the cell break down so they become a continuous long tube with a wide lumen
Able to transport water and minerals and helps to support the plant

26
Q

Cambium

A

A type of meristem cell

27
Q

Requirements for Photosynthesis

A

Light
A supply of water
A supply of carbon dioxide
The presence of chlorophyll

29
Q

Specialisation

Erythrocytes

A

Contains Haemoglobin for oxygen to bind to
Few organelles to make space for haemoglobin
Bio concave shape increases surface area to allow more often to bind

30
Q

Specialisation

Neutrophils

A

Large numbers of lysosomes to produce enzymes to digest engulfed microorganisms

31
Q

Specialisation

Epithelial Cells

A

Squamous - flattened cells reduces distance for diffusion, able to form a smooth flat surface so they are ideal for the insides of tubes where fluids can pass easily over them

Ciliated- covered in tiny projections called cilia which are able to waft substances (e.g. mucus) past the cell

32
Q

Specialisation

Sperm Cells

A

Many a mitochondria for energy from respiration so they can move more
Specialised lysosome, acrosome, in the head that released enzymes onto the outside of the egg allowing the sperm to penetrate and fertilise the egg
Small long and thin to ease their movement
Single long undulipodium (tail) to propel the sperm towers the egg

33
Q

Specialisation

Palisade Cells

A

Contain lots of chloroplasts to collect more light energy

34
Q

Specialisation

Root Hair Cells

A

Hair like projections increases surface area so that more water and minerals can enter the cell
Large vacuole to store minerals

35
Q

Specialisation

Guard Cells

A

Appear in pairs on the lower epidermis of leaves
Contain chloroplasts and cell walls contain spiral thickenings of cellulose
When water moves in the cells become turgid and because of the spirals only the outer walls stretch
Two guard cells bulge at both ends so the pore, stomata, opens

36
Q

Tissue

Definition

A

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a particular function

37
Q

Organ

Definition

A

A collection of tissues that work together to perform a particular function

38
Q

Organ System

Definition

A

A number of organs working together to perform an overall life function

AS Biology (15 decks)

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