F-G Flashcards
Facilitated diffusion
the process of spontaneous passive transport of molecules or ions across a biological membrane via specific transmembrane integral proteins
FAD
Flavin Adenine Dineuclotide
A coenzyme formed by the condensation of riboflavin phosphate and adenylic acid; performs an important function in electron transport and as a prosthetic group for some enzymes
Fatty acids
Hydrocarbon carob chains terminating in a carboxylic acid
Flagella
Small, hairlike structure that act primarily as an organelle of locomotion in the cells of many living organisms
Fluid mosaic model
The description of the cell membrane that states that each phospholipid molecule has a head that is attracted to water (hydrophilic) and a tail that repels water (hydrophobic). Both layers of the plasma membrane have the hydrophilic heads pointing toward the outside; the hydrophobic tails form the inside later of the bilayer
Frame shift mutation
Any genetic mutation caused by insertion or deletion of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by 3
Fungi
Any member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microoganisms such as yeasts and molds. Fungal cells have cell walls that contain chitin, yet also have membrane bound organelles similar to eukaryotes
Gap junctions
A specialized intercellular connection that directly connects the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells.
Gene mutation
Any permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene, such that the sequence differs from what is found in most people. Mutations range in size; they can affect anywhere from a single DNA building block (base pair) to a large segment of chromosome that includes multiple genes
Globular proteins
Long polymers that maintain and add strength to cellular and matrix structure; includes enzymes, hormones, membrane pumps/ channels, membrane receptors, transport, and osmotic regulators
Glucagon
A peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas, that raises the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream. Its effect is opposite that of insulin
Glycogen –> glucose
Glucocorticoids
A hormone that predominantly affects the metabolism of carbohydrates and to a lesser extent, fats and proteins.
- Stimulates gluconeogenesis (make glucose not from glycogen but other macromolecules) (mainly in the liver).
- Immunosurpressive agent.
Gluconeogenesis
The process of self-synthesized glucose by some organisms which are not able to directly obtain hexose as a primary source of energy. It starts with pyruvate originating from glycolysisor lactate and alanine originating in muscles
Glycogen
A highly branched D.-glucose polymer found in animals stored in an energy rich macro-molecule
Glycosidic bond
A type of covalent bond that links sugar units together in a polysaccharide
Golgi apparatus
A series of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae. The golgi apparatus is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations
Gram-negative bacteria
A class of bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. The thin peptidoglycan layer of their cell wall is sandwiched between an inner cell membrane and a bacterial outer membrane.
Gram-positive bacteria
A class of bacteria that do retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation, due to a thicker peptidoglycan layer in their cell wall outside the cell membrane
