C Flashcards
Calcitonin
A peptide hormone secreted by thyroid cells. Helps regulate calcium levels and is involved with bone building
cAMP
A ubiquitous cyclic nucleotide (adenosine cyclic monophosphate) produced from ATP. It is a regulatory agent that acts as a second messenger for many hormones and transmitter as a signal amplificator or in blood coagulation
Carbohydrates
A carbohydrate is a large biological molecule, or marcromolecule, consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, usually with a hydrogen:oxygen ratio of 2:1, with the empirical formula Cn(H2O)n
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary, striated muscle that is found in the walls and tissues of the heart. this muscle is a self-contracting and autonomically regulated
Catabolic pathway
ATP-generating
Catecholamines
The main types of catecholamines are dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.
Norepinephrine and epinephrine released from the adrenal medulla
Dopamine released by the hypothalamus
Cell life cycle
Series of events that take place in cells leading to its division and replication that produces 2 daughter cells.
Prokaryotes: cell cycle via binary fission
Eukaryotes: cell cycle: 1. interphase (G1- growth S - DNA replication G2- grwoth, prepartion for cell division) 2. Mitosis (M), 3. cytokinesis
There are 3 checkpoints G1, S, M
Central nervous system
The part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
Chief cells
The cells in the stomach that release pepsinogen and gastric lipase
Cholesterol
Lipid molecule that is synthesized by animal cells as an essential structural component of cell membranes. It is needed to maintain both membrane structural integrity and fluidity
Chromosomal mutation
Any mutation that causes changes in the structure or number of chromosomes in a cell
Chymotrypsin
A protease enzyme that cleaves on the C-terminal phenylalanine, tryptophan, and tryosine on peptide chains
Coagulation
Aka clotting. Process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel. Purpose is to cause the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel, followed by repair
Cocci
Round shaped bacteria
Cochlea
Auditory portion of the inner ear. Spiral-shaped cavity in the bony labyrinth that is filled with fluid. Facilitates the transmission of pressure and sound
Codominance
When both alleles are expressed. Ex. blood type AB
Coenzyme
Nonprotein organic molecule that combines with an apoenzyme to form the functioning holoenzyme; it aids in enzyme-catalyzed reactions, often by acting as an electron carrier (donor or acceptor)
Compact bone
Contains the yellow bone marrow and contains adipose tissue for fat cell storage
Competitive inhibition
Competitive inhibition is a form of enzyme inhibition where binding of the inhibitor to the active site on the enzyme prevents binding of the substrate and vice versa.
Competitive inhibitor diminishes the rate of catalysis by reducing the proportion of enzyme molecules bound to a substrate; effect can be overcome by a sufficiently high concentration of substrate
Km increase
Vmax same
Conjugation (bacterial)
Transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by bridge-like connection between two cell membranes
Convergent evolution
Process where two species independently evolve similar structures
Cortisol
Steroid hormone produced by adrenal cortex that is released in response to stress and a low level of blood glucose. Functions to increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis
Crossing over
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes
Cytoskeleton
Intercellular proteins that help a cell with shape, support, and movement. Cytoskeleton has 3 main structural components: 1. microfilaments 2. intermediate filaments 3. microtubules
