Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AN305 > F Endocrine > Flashcards

F Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

When is system complete

A

Control and regulate metabolic processes

Endocrine system complete and present at birth:
-complete hormonal control LACKING

-cannot effectively balance fluid concentration, electrolytes, amino acids, glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Endocrine structures

Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas

A

Thyroid: hormone helps regulate metabolism and growth

Parathyroid: regulates calcium/phosphorus

Adrenal: releases aldosterone, epi & norepi

Pancreas: release of insulin and glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Endocrine structures:

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland (anterior and posterior)
Ovaries
Testes

A

Hypothalamus: stimulates pituitary gland

Pituitary gland:
-anterior: GH, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin
-posterior: ADH, Oxytocin

Ovaries: release estrogen and progesterone

Testes: release testosterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Disorders of the pituitary:

Anterior vs posterior

A

Anterior:
-GH deficiency
-precocious puberty

Posterior:
DI (diabetes insipidus)
SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Posterior pituitary: FOR ATI NOT EXAM

DI vs SIADH

A

DI:
-increased UOP), Na, thirst
-low specific gravity

SIADH:
-decreased UOP, Na
-high specific gravity
-fluid overloaded,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hypopituitarism:
GH deficiency

AKA
What is it

A

Dwarfism

Failure of anterior pituitary OR hypothalamic stimulation to produce sufficient GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hypopituitarism:
GH deficiency

Causes

A

Causes:
-idiopathic
-tumors of the pituitary
-chemo/radiation
-head/brain trauma
-infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hypopituitarism:
GH deficiency

Diagnostics

A

IGF-1, IGFBP-3 (serum)
GH stimulation test (serum)
Xray (to determine skeletal maturity)
CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hypopituitarism:
GH deficiency

S/s

A

-normal birth wt and length (at birth)
-within a few years less than 3rd percentile
-higher wt to ht ratio
-prominent sub-Q deposits of abdominal fat
-decreased muscle mass

Delayed: dentition, sexual/skeletal maturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hypopituitarism:
GH deficiency

Tx

A

Biosynthetic GH: (subQ injections daily)
-can grow 3-5in in 1st year, regular ht measurements

Tx stops when epiphyseal growth plate fuses and/or child grows less than 1 inch per year:
Girls: 13-15y/o
Boys: 15-17 y/o

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Precocious puberty

What is it
More common in who
Other causes

A

Defined as sexual development before:
Girls: 8 y/o
Boys: 9y/o

-Premature activition of the hypothalamic pituitary axis
-Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates LH, FSH
(More common in females)

Other causes:
-External sources of hormones
-Tumors of: ovary, testes, adrenal gland, pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Precocious puberty

S/s

A

Accelerated growth

Isolated sexual development signs:
-breast development, menarche (menses)
-facial hair: boys
-pubic hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Precocious puberty

Diagnosis

A

Xray (show advanced bone age)

GnRH given to evaluate stimulation of hormone

LH, FSH, testosterone, estradiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Precocious puberty

Tx

A

GnRH analog/antagonist:

-SQ injection daily
-growth rate slows and sexual characteristics stabilize or regress

(Talk to them like their age not their growth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Thyroid hormone regulates what

2 types of hormones

A

Regulates the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Thyroid hormones (T3,T4)
Calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypothyroidism

Congenital
Acquired

A

Congenital:
-congenital hypoplastic thyroid gland
-failure of thyroid gland to migrate
-asymptomatic for 1st month

Acquired:
-partial or complete thyroidectomy for cancer or thyrotoxicosis following irradiation for Hodgkin disease or other malignant disease

RARELY occurs from dietary iodine insufficiency in the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism:

S/s

A

EVERYTHING IS SLOW

(Hallmark): protruding tongue

Hypotonia (low tone in muscles/loosey goosey)
Lethargy, poor feeding
Constipation, abdominal distention
Coarse, dry hair/skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism

Diagnosis

Tx

A

WONT KNOW BEFORE THE BABIES DISCHARGED

Diagnosis:
-newborn screen (thyroxine)
-T3,T4 (decreased)
-TSH (increased) (trying to stimulate T3/T4)

Tx:
Levothyroxine (synthroid)
-dose ⬆️ with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

Peak incidence when

Types

A

Peaks incidence is in early adolescence (10-15 y/o)

Type 1 vs 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Type 1 DM

What is it characterized by

A

Destruction of beta cells, leading to an absolute insulin deficiency

Typically onset in childhood or adolescence

21
Q

Type 1 DM

Cause believed to be

A

Autoimmune disease, arising when a person with a genetic predispostion is exposed to a event such as viral infection

22
Q

Pathophysiology of insulin dependent diabetes
(type 1)

What body does
Lack of what causes what
Whats the concentration in bloodstream

A

Body destroyes cells in pancreas that produce insulin

A lack of insulin leads to a state of starvation (for cell)

Glucose cant get into cell leading to increased concentration in blood stream

23
Q

Pathophysiology of insulin dependent diabetes
(type 1)

Absence of glucose body will do what leading to what

A

Body chooses an alternate source of energy: fat/protein

Fats break down into fatty acids which are converted to ketones

Ketones lower the blood ph and causes ketoacidosis

24
Q

Pathophysiology of insulin dependent diabetes
(type 1)

Respiratory system does what

If diabetes isnt treated not treated with what can lead to what

A

Resp system attempts to compensate for the acidosis (ketones) by blowing off CO2 with (kussmaul resp)

If diabetes isnt treated with insulin, fluid/electrolyte correction can lead to:
-DKA, Coma, Death

25
Q

Clinical manifestations of the child with diabetes
Blood sugars youll see

A

Wt loss (breaking down protein/fats)
3 P’s (polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia)
Fatigue, lethary, irritability
Sores slow to heal
Glucose in the urine

Fasting blood sugar: >126
or
random blood sugar >200

26
Q

Hemoglobin A1C for children

A

Less than 8

27
Q

Insulin therapy 5

A

-Monitor sugar
-Rotate sites
-SQ tissue injection
-Do not pre-mix any insulin unless advised
(We use pens)
-Timing of injections (want food infront of them, it acts fast)

28
Q

Insulin injection teaching for children

A

Need food with injection (acts quick)

Can give own injections w/ supervision

Want to teach have to deal with it rest of their life

29
Q

Standard injection therapy : insulin

Long acting vs bolus

A

Lang acting insulin (lantus) administered daily

Bolus of rapid acting insulin with each meal and snack based on CHO grams eaten and blood glucose

30
Q

Basal-bolus therapy (pump): insulin

A

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion(basal)
-bolus given for carbs, spikes in BG

31
Q

Diabetic diet

Meals
Counting carbs
Free items

A

Do not skip meals
Avoid high fat/sugar (CHO) foods

Count grams of carbs (15g CHO= 1 unit insulin)

Free items:
-5 or fewer g of CHO
-limited to 3 free items/day

32
Q

Free item for diabetics examples

A

Sugar free jello
Popsicles
Dill pickles
Blueberry
Strawberries

33
Q

IDDM: sick day management

What is happening
More frequent what
What to do

A

More swings in BG when sick

More frequent monitoring of blood glucose and ketones (q3h)

Continue take insulin
Push sugar free fluids

34
Q

IDDM: sick day management

When to call provider

A

(Signs of DKA):

Blood glucose >240
Positive ketones in urine
Confusion, irritability
Vomiting, unable to tolerate liquids
Rapid breathing, fruity breath (kussmauls resp)

35
Q

Balancing act with diabetes

A

Insulin/meds

Food

Activities (sports, need snakcs/extra insulin/sugar free drinks)

36
Q

Hypoglycemia

Definition
S/s

A

Less than 70mg/dl

S/s:
Irritability
Shaky
Pallor
Sweating
Hunger
HA
Dizziness
Vision disturbances

37
Q

Hypoglycemia causes

A

Too much insulin
Not enough food
Too much exercise
Illness, stress

38
Q

Hypoglycemia tx

If blood sugar <70 or symptomatic (conscious)
Recheck when

A

-15 grams of simple CHO
-1/2 cup of OJ or glucose tab/gel
-Follow with more complex carbs (peanut butter and crackers)

Recheck BG in 15 mins

39
Q

Hypoglycemia tx

If unconscious or unable to swallow

A

Administer IM glucagon
Notify provider
May give D50 IV if needed

40
Q

Hyperglycemia s/s

A

Lethargy, confusion
Abdominal pain
N/V
Thirst (3 P’s)
Rapid breathing, fruity breath
DKA/shock

41
Q

Hyperglycemia tx

A

Water/iv fluids

Insulin drip

Activity(?)

42
Q

DKA
Characterized by

A

Hyperglycemia >330

Glycosuria

Acidosis:
-pH 7.3
-HCO3 15

43
Q

DKA causes

A

Insufficient insulin

Acute stress

Poor management of acute illness

44
Q

DKA how it works

A

Glucose unavailable for cell = >

body breaks down alternatives for energy = >
ketones released = >

eliminated thru urine (ketourian) or lungs (acetone breath)=>

Acidosis/coma/death

45
Q

Long term complications of diabetes

Micro vs macrovascular disease

A

Microvascular disease:
-nephropathy
-retinopathy
-neuropathy

Macro:
-peripheral vascular
-atherosclerosis

46
Q

Type 2 diabetes

Incidences?
Presentation?
Associated with?

A

Increased incidences in childhood d/t obesity

Often no s/s

Associated with:
-Obesity
-Sedentary lifestyle
-Family history

47
Q

Type 2 DM

Arises how
D/t
Onset?
Insulin?
Education

A

Arises bc of insulin resistance (not depletion)

Poor diet/exercise

Onset: usually after 45y/o

May or may not need insulin

Important to explain it can be managed and come off meds/insulin vs type 1 is forever

48
Q

Type 2 DM

S/s: early? Others

A

Early stage often has no symptoms

Feeling tired
Dry/itchy skin
Frequent infections
Blurred vision
Slow healing cuts/sores
3Ps (polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia)
Frequent yeast infection (eating all sugars)
Numbness or tingling in hands/feet

AN305 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions