F Edwardian Reformation Under Somerset 1547-49 northumberland 1550-53 Flashcards
Somerset’s govt
Rule by issuing proclamations (issued 75)
Coup d’etat
William paget kept kings death secret for few days = allowed seymour to take charge of Edward&realm. 1547 lord chancellor writhesly leading conservative removed from office =power boost. Same month= special commission pronouncing seymour legal protector of realm
Act of proclamations 1539
Crown able to pass and enforce royal proclamations as they had force of law but demanded each proclamation to be signed by 12 councillors
Somerset repealed act of proclamations (councillors)
1547 = managed to preserve tradition of issuing proclamations without legal necessity of councillors
Somerset’s religious policies
First : dissolution of chantries= prot
Cranmer book of homilies 1547
Sermons to help priests preach and highlighted central issue: lack of prot preaching
Existing clergy to…
Introduce english bible. But beyond this most= catholic
Royal proclamations
1st changes in religion. All churches to have Erasmus’ Paraphrases of the Gospels=uncontroversial. Ceremony of the Mass performed in English=upset conservatives. Those unwilling/unable to were to read from book of homilies
Destruction of Henrician settlement in religion
Parliament called 1547. Act of Revilers= laity to receive wine& bread but reaffirmed real presence of christ= discourage radical prots. Destroyed treason acts and existing heresy laws = destroyed 6 articles
Destruction of chantries
Chantries Act 2400 chantries 90 colleges 110 hospitals dissolved. Major attack on doctrine of purgatory
Abolition of ceremonies and removal of images
Privy council removed cath ceremonies inc palms on palms sunday & ash wednesday. Also removal of images in churches/chapels & in stained glass
Prayer book 1549
Intro by parliamentary statue. Part of act of uniformity. all priests to use. Committee of bishops (headed by cran) devised this vol. = one standard book of prayer. Cran shied away from radicalism. Limited opp. Penalties for not using=mild(few persec). Hooper rad bish wanted complete re write
Priests allowed to marry
Same sesh as prayer book early1549. Act removed for forbidding priests to marry
Western rebellion
- South west/devon&cornwall. Resistance&rebellion against new prayer book=expression of pop opp to som’s reforms of relig practs. Sep uprisings in devon2000 revels to exeter for6weeks. 2months govt (centr&local) lost control. Som’s forces directed to bigger rising east anglia - firstly underestimated the scale. Lord Russell eventually took action& regained control
Causes of WB 1549
Religious changes- disliked bible/prayerbook in eng(demanded cornish). Wanted return to last yrs of H inc6arts. No changes to b made until ed reached maturity. Economic grievances-new taxes on goods inc sheep- rumours on pigs,geese. Rebel articles inc lack of food& rising prices
Kett’s rebellio
- East anglia org by Kett force of poss 16,000. Govt force beaten back. Rebels=organised&peaceful. Council of revel leaders drew up grievances& negotiated w govt. dudley’s 6000 destroyed ketts forces= 3000 killed. Kett captured& executed
Causes of ketts rebellion 1549
Econ&social grievances. Opposed to enclosure of common land. Many issues dated back to dissolution of mons(1536-9) when crown sold monastic land. Inflation due2 H debasement of coinage(govt reduced amount of val metal). Landlords rack renting. Prayer book ok but felt ref should b as a wholesale reform of society. Ppl wanted spirit of paternalism. Bish latimer echoed complaints of 1549 rebels in front of ed
Overthrow of somerset
Rebellions did much to undermine confidence in som. Privy council claimed he ‘followed his own fancies’
Fall of som & emergence of northumberland
Conservative counc to overthrow som& win over warwick. S agreed w his enemies-negotiated&realised he fortified the confidence of leading councils, agreed to leave(prov title&lands spared). Overthrow=forces opp to religious reform=powerful. Mary refused to b queen. 1550 warwick power=secure=northumb.= lord president of council=more democratic than lord prot.
Faction fighting 1549-50
Conservatives lost out=northumb ditch them. Ed appeared at council meetings= reinforcing reforming stance of re-formed council
Northumb religious policies
More prot. 1550 bish hooper objected to use of episcopal vestments=delayed consecration. Bish ridley=campaign to move alters away from east end of churches& to move to nave as communion tables= stresses christ not present. Mass abolished/ replaced by communion service= memorial. Cranmer = higher influence
The new ordinal 1550
Order of service for the ordination of new priests. Stressed ordinands preaching function. Sacraments did not disappear but relegated in importance and the dead(idea of purgatory) not mentioned
Prot moves
Conserv bish deprived of sees. Heath&gardiner replaced by reforming men. Alter signify sacrifice &implies transub= by placing in nave& calling table= purely spiritual presence or none at all. More prot propaganda= martin bucer
Prayer book 1552
Moving of alters= off policy. Trad colourful vest replaced by plain surplice. Doctrinally=important change in eucharists-ambiguous but clear more to memorialist where christ rep by bread/wine. Renamed as lords supper. Intro by parliament never put b4 convocation. Knox&hooper pressured for abolition of kneeling for communicants during lords supper
Black ruberic. Prayer book1552
Cranmer forced to insert black ruberic enforced kneeling but proclaimed done for seemly order- did not imply superstitious reverence (transub)
42 articles 1552
Submitted to parliament 1553. Centrality (doctrine,ceremony,salvation) of the bible, justification(attainting salvation, predestination(implicit in luther.
Lay control church
Increasing power of laity in church affairs. Wine&bread taken by laity=not separate from clergy. Govt moved to confiscate church plate and jewels
Death of king edward VI
1552 contracted small pox and measles 1553 dies
How far had eng become a prot country by 1553?
One hand: leading prot nation in Europe. Eng bible. Abolition of mons&chants for dead. Eng prayer books 1552. Cath decs/orna destroyed. On other: impact of changes= limited. Only 6yr reign. Cautious&gradual. Hostility from abroad=limited reform. Cran far from radical in theology. Prayer book 1549 approved by conservs (still powerf) maj of pop still cath. Limited authority of som& northumb & division within prots
Success of councillor govt
Edward not involved important decisions. Council overthrow of som- as tried to rule autocratically- failure of policies at home/abroad. Northumb brought reformers to council- secured prominence tipped balance in favour of reform- revived councillor govt. would win favour with ed
