Eyes & Ears

Question 1

List the cranial nerves and what they control

Answer 1

I Olfactory: smell
II Optic: sight
III Oculomotor: eyes/pupil
IV Trochlear: superior oblique muscle
V Trigeminal
VI: Abducens: lateral rectus muscle
VII: Facial
VIII: Acoustic: hearing
IX: Glossopharyngeal: mouth
X Vagus
XI: Spinal Accessory: shoulders, etc.
XII: Hypoglossal: tongue

Question 2

Explain which cranial nerves control to EOM movements

Answer 2

EOM: extraocular muscles

CN III: Looking up

CN IV: looking inward at nose

CN VI: looking to side

Question 3

What is Nystagmis?

Answer 3

Eye muscle shaking

Question 4

Explain the consensual light response

Explain Direct light response

Answer 4

When light is shone into one eye, the other eye’s pupil should also constrict

When light is shone into an eye, that eye’s pupil will constrict

Question 5

Which cranial nerve controls pupil size?

Answer 5

CN III: oculomotor

Question 6

To which row can someone with 20/20 vision see on a Snellen eye chart?

Answer 6

row 8

Question 7

Explain corneal light reflex testing

Answer 7

Shine light in right eye, check for right eye constriction. Shine light again, but watch the left eye for constriction to check for consensual light response

The light reflex should fall within the pupil bilaterally

Question 8

Define:
Esotropia

Exotropia

Anisocoria

Answer 8

Convergent axis: eyes point inward

Divergent axis: eyes point outward

Pupillary size difference

Question 9

What is the Diagnostic Positions Test? What cranial nerves does it assess?

Answer 9

“Cat whiskers test”

CN 3, 4, 6

Question 10

What is the Confrontation Test?

Answer 10

Tests peripheral vision.

Cover 1 eye, bring fingers around the covered side until the uncovered eye can see them

Question 11

What should be tested/documented after the diagnostic positions test?

Answer 11

PERRLA
Push penlight towards their nose, check if they can cross their eyes

Question 12

Explain PERRLA

Answer 12

“Pupils are Equal, Round, Reactive to Light and Accommodation”

Accommodation= both eyes do same thing when light is shone in one of them

Question 13

Explain presbyopia

what population is it common in?

What causes it?

Answer 13

Farsightedness

aging adults

caused by lens losing elasticity, making accommodation for near vision difficult

Question 14

Explain:

Cataracts
Glaucoma
Macular Degeneration

Answer 14

Cataracts: cloudy lens

Glaucoma: increased intraocular pressure

Macular Degeneration: loss of central vision

Question 15

Define: exophthalmus

Answer 15

bulging eyes

Question 16

What causes vertigo?

Answer 16

Inflamed semicircular canals

Question 17

What is different in ear anatomy of infants/children?

Answer 17

Eustachian tube is shorter, wider, and horizontal- easier ear infection path for pathogens

Question 18

What is otosclerosis?

Answer 18

Gradual hardening causing stapes to become fixed

common cause of conductive hearing loss in young adults 20-40

Question 19

Define
Presbycusis

Answer 19

Presbycusis
-age-related hearing loss from nerve degeneration

Question 20

Define:
Hearing loss
Conductive hearing loss
Sensorineural hearing loss
mixed hearing loss

Answer 20

Hearing loss: anything obstructing transmission of sound

Conductive hearing loss: involves a mechanical dysfunction of external or middle ear

Sensorineural hearing loss: involves pathology of the inner ear, CN VIII, caused by prebycusis or ototoxic drugs

Mixed hearing loss: combination of conductive and sensorineural types in same ear

Question 21

What are 2 tuning fork tests?

Answer 21

Weber: localization
Rinne: conduction

Question 22

What is the Romberg test?

Answer 22

Assesses the ability of vestibular apparatus in inner ear to help maintain standing balance

Have pt stand up, close eyes, and try to stay upright. Hold hands out in case they sway. Tests balance without visual cues