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nur 112 > Eye n Ear > Flashcards

Eye n Ear Flashcards

1
Q

Cornea – outer most layer of eye, clear dome shaped covers
front of eye, helps focus vision

A
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2
Q
  • Iris – thin membrane responsible for controlling diameter and
    size of pupil
A
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3
Q
  • Ciliary body – connects iris in the eye
A
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4
Q
  • Pupil – hole in center of iris, control amt of light that gets into
    eye
A
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5
Q

Lens – transparent, refracts light on the retina

A
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6
Q
  • Retina – lines the back of the eye near the optic nerve, sends
    signals to brain for visual recognition
A
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7
Q
  • Optic nerve – back of eye, transfers visual information from the
    retina to vision centers to brain via electrical impulses
A
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8
Q

Hearing less acute, (age 40)

A

presbycusis-higher frequencies & consonants
more difficult to distinguish-NI- talk in lower tones

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9
Q

Xanthelasma

A

yellow discoloration cholesterol buildup
under skin; hyperlipidemia

don’t cause issues just look at cholesterol

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10
Q

Ptosis

A

(Lid lag), droppy

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11
Q

Exophthalmos

A

is the protrusion of one or both eyes anteriorly out of the orbit due to an increase in orbital contents within the rigid bony orbit

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12
Q

Arcus Senilis

A
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13
Q

Miosis –

A

constrict pupils

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14
Q
  • Anisocoria –
A

unequal pupils (seen in CNS disorders)

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15
Q

sclera

A

Protective outer layer

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16
Q

Conjunctiva:

Yellow
Red
PaleBlueCast

A

inner surface of
eyelid

juadince
conjustvtis

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17
Q

red and green meaning on line of ear chart

A

color blinding

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18
Q

Accommodation

A

both pupils should constrict at the same time
when objects come towards face eyes accommodate

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19
Q

PERRLA

A

Pupils Equal Round and Reactive to Light, Accommodation =

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20
Q

Congenital cataracts

A

fetus exposed to rubella

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21
Q

Strabism

A

cross eye

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22
Q

Amblyopia

A

lazy eye

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23
Q

Central Vision-

A

with loss of
peripheral vision

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24
Q

Hordeolum

A

Inflammatory:
Stye infection of sebaceous gland by staph ( keep hands clean and off area)

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25
Q

Blepharitis

A

inflammation of the eyelids. demeatix

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26
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

pink eye

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27
Q

Myopia (me what can i see)

A

nearsightness; ppl can see near but not far away…

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28
Q

Hyperopia ( farsightedness)

A

can see far but cant see close objects

29
Q

Astigmatism

A
30
Q

Presbyopia-

A

Progressive loss of near
focusing ability of the eye due to ageing

31
Q

Retinal detachment
s/s
define
tx

A

Fluid accumulation between retina and epithelium

  • S/S: Photopsia (light flashes), floaters, “cobwebs” in
    eye, once detachment has occurred > painless loss of
    peripheral or central vision, feels “like a curtain”
    comes across the field of vision

Cover eye, no activity; keep pt in bed, quiet. Position the head so hole lowest part of the body

32
Q

Vitrectomy-

A

Your ophthalmologist removes the vitreous pulling on the
retina. The vitreous will be replaced with an air, gas, or oil bubble. The
bubble pushes the retina into place so it can heal properly.

33
Q

Diathermy

  • Photo coagulation-
  • Cryopexy
  • Buckled-
A

produces focal areas of heat injury at selected sites in the eye.
The surgeon hopes that the proliferation which occurs in the reparative
phase of reaction to the injury will lead to the development of
chorioretinal adhesions.

laser photocoagulation is used to destroy leaking
blood vessels in the retina

is a procedure to seal retinal tears or holes. A nitrogen-cooled
probe is applied to the outside of the eye to freeze the area near the
break.

A buckle or sponge is stitched around the sclera.The buckle helps
repair retinal detachment by pushing the sclera toward the retinal break
or tear

34
Q

Gas bubbles

  • Laser RX-
  • Post Op
A

push the detached retina into place-injected in vitreous
cavity (pneumatic retinoplexy)

Seals the retina

– Bed rest
– Specific Head position (depending on surg and HCP)
– No doing anything that will increase the IOP (bending, lifting,
straining, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, Valsalva)

35
Q

Scleral Buckling

A
36
Q

Occular Trauma

A
37
Q

2 types: Macular dengernation
Dry (nonexudative)

Wet (exudative)
s/s
define

A

Wet macular degeneration more severe – blindness,
rapid onset of vision loss, development of abnormal
blood vessels in or near macula. Have hx of dry AMD
first.
* S/S: blurred and darkened vision, scotomas
(blind spots), metamorphopsia (visual distortion)

38
Q

Scotomas

A

= blind
spots

39
Q

Amsler grid -

A

helps to define
the involved
area, provides
baseline

40
Q

Treatment of AMD

A

-Dietary supplements of vit C, vit E, Zinc, beta-carotene

*Nutritional intake of dark green leafy vegetables (contain
lutein) and fatty fish

*No smoking

*New tx for severe AMD-GA- Pegcetacoplan (SYFOVRE)
Wet AMD

*Ranibizumab (Lucentis) injected directly into eye. Slows/stops
new vessels from forming.

*Photodynamic therapy – IV + cold laser to damage abnormal
blood vessels.

41
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy
define:
s/s:

A

Long-standing uncontrolled DM, characterized by capillary
microaneurysms, retinal swelling, hard exudates.

S/S: poor night
vision, floaters, blurred vision, loss of central vision, blindness

42
Q

Tx Diabetic Retinopathy

Vitrectomy = define this

A
  • Control BS, BP and cholesterol
  • Tx does not reverse existing damage, slows
    progression of disease
  • Laser surgery- get rid of weaken/abnormal fragile
    eye vessels
  • Vitrectomy – aspiration of blood, membrane and
    fiber from inside eye
43
Q

Cataracts

A

Cloudy opacity of lens-Blurry vision
Senile- age related cataracts; uncomplicated age 50 +
Excision of lens and replacement of new lens or
special contacts
May occur in one or both eyes

44
Q

Secondary (catartacts) DM, renal disease, steroids

A
45
Q
  • UV light exposure
  • S & S:
    – Hazy, blurry or fuzzy vision
    – Change in eyeglass RX
    – Feeling of thin film over eyes
    – Change in pupil color black to gray, yellow or white
    – Poor night vision
    – Light that appears esp. bright
A
46
Q

Cataract treatment

A

Non-surgical – change eye glass prescription, strong reading
glasses or magnifying lens, increase light, lifestyle changes –
avoiding driving at night
* Surgical
* Extracapsular- lens removed, posterior chamber intact
* Phacoemulsification-An ultrasonic probe is inserted through
the incision to break up the cataract into tiny fragments using
high-frequency sound waves. The fragments are then
suctioned out of the eye.
* New lens implanted with both procedures, correct near and
far vision

47
Q

Darwin’s Tubercle

A

painless nod ; congenital

48
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Shiny, translucent, pearl gray, white or pink in color, concave, light reflective

49
Q

otoscope to examine inner ear canal and tympanic membrane

A

Pull pinna up and back for adults, down and back for children under three
Need to stabilize hand holding scope against head so if patient jumps or jerks, speculum does not injure ear canal or tympanic membrane

50
Q

2 pathways for sound conduction

A

Air conduction-external & middle ear most efficient
Sound ear drum ossicles cochlea CN 8 brain

Sound conduction
Bone conduction-sound passes through bone directly to inner ear

51
Q

Two types of hearing loss :

Conductive

Sensorineural

A

Conductive
Problem in external or middle ear
Decrease ability to hear normal sounds
Most conductive losses are correctable

Sensorineural
Disorders affect inner ear (cochlea) or the brain
Affects high frequency sounds more than low frequency sounds
Sensorineural losses are not as correctable. Depends on impairment to nerves of inner ear.

52
Q

Hearing Tests

whisper

audiometry

A

Whisper test-stand 1-2 ft away & whisper at side (cover opposite ear). Inc. Wisper to spoken then test on opposite ear

Audiometry_ most accurate- one part of full audiological assessment done by audiologist. Uses audiometer with headphones on- different frequencies tested in each ear

53
Q

Normal =
Conductive Hearing Loss =

A

air conduction (longer than bone) > bone conduction

bone> air

54
Q

Sound lateralized to one ear =

A

conductive loss in that ear or
sensorineural loss in other ear

55
Q

Causes of Hearing Loss

A

Age
Noise exposure
Frequent otitis media
Ototoxicity (Gentamycin)
Trauma
Congenital

56
Q

External Otitis

A

Swimmer’s Ear VERY painful
Tx: Ear gtts, depends on if bacterial or fungal

Maintain asepsis of dropper and position on unaffected side for at least 2 mins after instillation to allow medication to absorb

57
Q

Cerumen (ear wax)

A

May need gtts to soften and then irrigate to flush out.
Foreign bodies to be removed by otolaryngologist

58
Q

Otitis media-
Acute Otitis Media- Usually in

s/s

A

Infection of middle ear. Acute otitis media: swelling of auditory tube, trapping bacteria

Childhood along with URI, Allergies

No fluid drainage
s/s pain/earache, fever, malaise, H/A Decreased hearing
Can be viral or bacterial
ATB if bacterial

59
Q

Serous otitis media:

A

fluid collection d/t eustacian tube dysfunction, pain, c/o fullness, popping, or plugged

60
Q

Chronic otitis media + mastoiditis:

A

nausea, dizziness, purulent exudate, pain, hearing loss, perforation of TM

61
Q

Mastoiditis:
Otosclerosis:

A

Mastoiditis: inflamed mastoid process
Otosclerosis: hereditary, stapes fixation to oval window > stapedectomy

62
Q

otosclerosis:

NI:

A

spongy bone
develops preventing movement
of footplate of the staples in oval
window, dec. of transmission,
Conductive hearing loss.

NI: cotton ball in ear with dsg
covering it, avoid sudden move-
ments, coughing, sneezing, lifting,
bending, straining = inc. ear
pressure. May c/o slight
dizziness,
nausea, vomiting

63
Q

Reddened Eardrum

A

Abnormal, (otitis media), swelling, possible perforation of eardrum d/t increase pressure

64
Q

Motion sickness=

A

a common and complex syndrome that occurs in response to the real or perceived motion. There is often a mismatch between what the eyes, the muscles, joints, and the vestibular organs in the inner ear sense.

65
Q

Meniere’s Disease-Involves all three:

Accumulation of
Sx:
Usually starts at ages _____
Attacks may last ____-

A

Involves all three: sensory hearing loss, Vertigo, and/or tinnitus, sweating, pallor

Accumulation of endolymph in membranous labyrinth
Sx: Sudden attacks of vertigo, w/ N & V-Cause unknown
Usually starts at ages 30-60
Attacks may last hours or days and occur several times/year

66
Q

Tx during acute attack:

A

Antihistamines (diphenhydramine)
Anticholinergics
Benzodiazepines

Decreases abnormal sensations and alleviate symptoms
Vertigo-bedrest, sedation and antiemetics
Tx between attacks: Diuretics, antihistamines, low sodium diet, Anti vertigo meds (Meclizine)

67
Q

Acoustic Neuroma

A

Benign tumor where acoustic nerve enters the temporal bone from brain

Need early dx to prevent growth and compression on facial and acoustic nerves. This can lead to hearing loss and facial nerve paralysis

68
Q
A

nur 112 (23 decks)

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