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nur 112 > Chest > Flashcards

Chest Flashcards

1
Q

The primary purpose of the respiratory system is

A

gas exchange, which involves the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the blood

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2
Q

The upper respiratory tract includes (8)

A

the nose, mouth, pharynx, adenoids, tonsils, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea.

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3
Q

Vibrational sounds originating in the ________ lead to vocalization.

A

larynx

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4
Q

The lower respiratory tract consists of the (4)

A

bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

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5
Q

Surfactant ( think about blowing up a balloon so many times and how hard it was to blow it up the first time)

A

is a lipoprotein that helps to keep the alveoli open, thus preventing alveolar collapse.

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6
Q

Oxygenation

A

involves the delivery of oxygen from the atmospheric air to alveolar capillaries and eventual diffusion into the alveoli.

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7
Q

Ventilation

A

involves inspiration (movement of air into the lungs) and expiration (movement of air out of the lungs).

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8
Q

Inspiration

active or passive

A

is an active process, involving muscle contraction.

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9
Q

Expiration

A

is a passive process. When elastic recoil is reduced, expiration becomes a more active, labored process.

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10
Q

Compliance refers to

With decreased compliance, it is_________rfor the lungs to inflate.

A

the ability of the lungs to expand.\

harder

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11
Q

The respiratory defense mechanisms include

A

filtration of air, mucociliary clearance system, cough reflex, reflex bronchoconstriction, and alveolar macrophages.

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12
Q

abnormal =

A

(adventitious) sounds

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13
Q

Fremitus

A

vibration of the chest wall by vocalization

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14
Q

Determine the presence of absence of abnormal (adventitious) sounds,

A

including fine crackles, coarse crackles, wheezes, stridor, and pleural friction rub.

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15
Q

Determine the normal breath sounds:(3)

A

vesicular, bronchovesicular, and bronchial.

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16
Q

Determine air entry

Characteristics/4

A

adequate
slightly decreased
decreased
absent

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17
Q

stridor ( rubber duckyyyy)

A

an abnormal, high-pitched respiratory sound produced by irregular airflow in a narrowed airway during the inspiration phase

SQUEEZZYYYY

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18
Q

fine crackles

A

short, discontinuous, high pitched,
before end of inspiration

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19
Q

pleural friction rub ( state the other name hint= worsen…)

A

creaking or grating sound from roughned

worsen pneumonia

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20
Q

wheezes

A

continuous high-pitched squeaking or musical sound caused by rapid vibration of bronchial walls.

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21
Q

Increased fremitus may indicate

A

consolidation of lung tissue (e.g., pneumonia)

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22
Q

Decreased fremitus

A

may suggest obstruction or pleural effusion

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23
Q

Resonant:

A

Heard over normal lung tissue.

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24
Q

Dull:

A

Indicative of fluid or solid tissue (e.g., pleural effusion or consolidation).
Sound: Thud-like and less sustained compared to resonant.
Corresponding Tissue: Indicative of denser tissue or fluid, such as pleural effusion, consolidation, or liver tissue.

25
Q

Hyperresonant:

indictes/sound

A

Indicates increased air (e.g., seen in emphysema).

Hyperresonant: hyper inflated

Sound: Very loud, booming, and prolonged.
Corresponding Tissue: Indicates increased air, often seen in conditions like emphysema.

26
Q

Tympanic:

A

Resembles a drum-like sound (rare in chest percussion).

Sound: Resembles a drum-like, high-pitched sound.
Corresponding Tissue: Rare in chest percussion; may suggest air-filled structures, such as a pneumothorax.

27
Q

Flat

A

Sound: Extremely dull and soft.
Corresponding Tissue: Indicates solid tissue, such as muscle or bone. Rarely heard in chest percussion

28
Q

Bronchial Breath Sounds:

A

Characteristics:
Louder, higher-pitched, and shorter in duration.

Expiratory phase is longer than the inspiratory phase.

Location:
Normally heard over the TRACHEA and the major bronchi.
Should not be heard in the peripheral lung fields under normal conditions.

29
Q

Vesicular Breath Sounds:

A

Characteristics:
Soft, low-pitched, and continuous.
Inspiratory phase is longer than the expiratory phase.

Location:
Heard over most of the lung fields.
Predominantly heard in the peripheral lung regions.

30
Q

Crackles (Rales):

Description:

Causes:
Fine Crackles:

Coarse Crackles:

A

Description:
Discontinuous, popping or crackling sounds.
Causes:
Fine Crackles: Heard during late inspiration; associated with conditions such as pneumonia, heart failure, or interstitial lung diseases.
Coarse Crackles: Heard during early inspiration; indicative of conditions like bronchitis or bronchiectasis.

31
Q

Wheezes:

Description:

Causes:

Locations:

A

Wheezes:

Description:
Continuous, high-pitched, musical sounds.
Causes:
Associated with airway narrowing or constriction, seen in conditions like asthma, bronchitis, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
Locations:
Often heard during expiration but may be heard during both inspiration and expiration.

32
Q

Rhonchi: ( not rt to bronchi)

Description:

Causes:

Locations:

A

Rhonchi:

Description:
Low-pitched, snoring or rumbling sounds.
Causes:
Result from airway obstruction due to mucus or secretions, common in conditions like chronic bronchitis or bronchiectasis.
Locations:
Typically heard during both inspiration and expiration.

33
Q

Stridor: ( think buffalo issues here)
Description:

Causes:

Locations:

A

Description:
High-pitched, harsh, crowing sounds.

Causes:
Indicates upper airway obstruction of trachea, such as in croup( laryngotracheobronchitis) , epiglottitis, or foreign body aspiration.Thyriod issues realtions

Locations:
Predominantly heard during inspiration.

34
Q

Pleural Friction Rub:

Description:

Causes:

Locations:

A

Description:
Dry, grating, or rubbing sound.
Causes:
Result from inflammation of the pleura, often seen in conditions like pleurisy or pneumonia.
Locations:
Heard over the anterior lateral chest wall, often near the lower lateral ribcage.

35
Q

Thoracic Cavity (internal space)

think my lung area….

A

Mediastinum: trachea, esophagus, heart & great vessels

36
Q

Smoking History
Pack year history:

A

packs per day X # of years smoked

*(ie: a patient who smoked 1 pack per day for 15 years has a 15 pack-year history)

36
Q

Subjective

A

History of Complaint
Onset, provocative factors, frequency of occurrence
Dyspnea 🡪 Dyspnea on exertion
When?
Eating?
Talking?
Cough
Productive or non-productive?
Hemoptysis

LOC

37
Q

Type- NC? O2 rate?

A
38
Q

BiPAP or CPAP Machines ?

A

Biphasic Positive Airway Pressure
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure

39
Q

Anterior Chest

A
40
Q

Lateral Chest

A
41
Q

Posterior Chest

A
42
Q

Hypercapnia

Hypoxia

A

Hypercapnia
Increased blood CO2
Hypoxia
Decreased blood O2

43
Q

tripod

A

helps expand lungs pull the diaphragm

44
Q

SHAPE OF THE CHEST ?????

A

Document as: 1:2 (A-P:T) or 2:1

45
Q

Pectus carinatum

A

is a deformity of the chest wall in which the breastbone and ribs are pushed outward. Pectus carinatum is sometimes called “pigeon breast” because of the birdlike appearance of the chest

46
Q

Pectus excavatum

A

also known as concave chest or funnel chest, is a chest wall deformity in which a child’s breastbone (sternum) and some of the ribs grow inward

47
Q

Kyphosis –

Scoliosis –

A

bending over compresses the lungs and decreases ability to expand ( cant expand lungs well enough)

can cause ribs to press against the lungs to restrict breathing

48
Q

Tension Pneumothorax

to the left to the left….

A

collapse lungs …. my trachea shifts to the right

49
Q

Tracheal Deviation

A
  • tension pneumothorax
  • atelectasis
  • pulmonary fibrosis (scarring)
50
Q

Crepitus –

A

palpable coarse crackling sensation

51
Q

Tactile Fremitus ( define/normal)

” say 99”

A

Sound travels better through solid than air
Fremitus is the vibration created. BEST OVER BONT PROMINECE. not effective fo barrel chest pts any chest issues.

Normal: fremitus decreased toward bases

52
Q

Thoracic Expansion
or Excursion

hint do this on your back

A

Also called thoracic excursion
Normal is 2-5cm
Movement should be symmetrical. Place hands on back )

53
Q

Rales/Crackles –

Rhonchi –

which clears with a cough?vs small airways

A

secretions in small airways
Discontinuous, heard on inspiration
Does not clear with cough

secretions in large airways
Greater on inspiration
Encourage cough and listen again after cough

54
Q

Wheeze –

Pleural friction rub –

Stridor –

Absent –

Diminished -

A

Wheeze – narrowing or inflammation of airway
Whistling, high pitched, musical on inspiration or expiration
Pleural friction rub – Inflamed pleural surfaces rubbing against each other
Grating or creaking sound on inspiration or expiration
Stridor – partial obstruction of upper airway
High pitched honking sound, usually during inspiration
Absent – air not moving – no sound
Diminished - faint

55
Q

costal angle should be _____ than 90 degree

A

less

56
Q

Bronchial-vesicular

A

heard over sternum anteriorly and between scapulae

57
Q

If you hear abnormal sound nurse should have pt ____

A

cough and listen again

nur 112 (23 decks)

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