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Anatomy of the brain > Eye and Ear > Flashcards

Eye and Ear Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

How does the eye change with age

A

The lens of the eye becomes less flexible and less able to thicken and so less able to focus on nearby objects (presbyopia)

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2
Q

What is cataracts a result of

A

Disruption of lens protein organisation

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3
Q

What is glaucoma a result of

A

Visual field loss and increased intraocular pressure.

Disruption of aqueous humour flow is responsible for increased intraocular pressure

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4
Q

What is the cornea and sclera

A

Tough outer coat for protection. Extraocular mm attach to sclera

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5
Q

What does the choroid of the eye do

A

Vascular coat nourishes retina. Between sclera and retina

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6
Q

What does the vitreous humour of the eye do

A

Gel occupies majority of eyeball. Served as cushion and transmits light. Adherant to retina in some areas

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7
Q

What does the aqueous humour do and what is it produced by

A

Produced by ciliary process. Clear watery solution that provides nutrients to the cornea and lens. Passes through pupil from posterior to anterior chamber and drains into the venous sinus of the sclera (blockage causes glaucoma)

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8
Q

What components of the eye are involved in glaucoma

A

Damage to the optic nerve

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9
Q

Why does a blockage of the central artery of the retina cause blindness

A

Terminal branches of the central retinal arteries are the only blood supply to the retina

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10
Q

Which muscles are involved in closure of eyelids

A

Levator palpeerde superioris - responsible for elevating eyelid. Relaxation of this muscle causes closure of the eyelid

orbicularis oris - closes the eyelid tightly

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11
Q

Which muscle is responsible for shutting the eyelid tightly

A

Orbicularis oris

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12
Q

What is levator palpebrae superioris innervated by

A

Occulomotor nn

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13
Q

What is the orbicularis oris innervated by

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

What is the ciliary body of the eye

A

Contains ciliary smooth muscle which alters shape of lens to focus the eye. Epithelium secretes aqueous humour to maintain ocular pressure

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15
Q

What is occulomotor palsy (CN III)

A

Pupil dilatation, ptosis, eye faces downward and outward due to unopposed action of superior oblique and lateral rectus

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16
Q

What is abducent palsy (CN VI)

A

Lateral rectus paralysed. Eye loses ability to move laterally

On forward gaze, eye swings medially due to lack of opposition from lateral rectus

Patient will experience diplopia (double vision)

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17
Q

blood supply of the eye

A

carotid artery –> ophthalmic artery

ophthalmic artery–> retinal artery, posterior cillary arteries [choroid+ anterior optic nn] , muscular arteries [EO mm]

posterior ciliary arteryes + muscular aa –> anterior ciliary arteries [ciliary body and iris]

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18
Q

venous drainage of eye

A

Veins of eyeball–> superior and inferior ophthalmic veins

–>into and through superior orbital fissure –> blood enters into cavernous sinus

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19
Q

Pathway of lacrimal fluid

A

1- Lacrimal gland in lacrimal gland fossa
2- produces lacrimal fluid
3- lacrimal ducts take fluid to conjunctival sac
4- fluid goes to lacrimal lake. Then drained by lacrimal puncta to lacrimal sac
5- fluid goes to nasal cavity through nano-lacrimal duct

20
Q

role of lacrimal gland

A

secrete lacrimal fluid

21
Q

Role of lacrimal ducts

A

convey lacrimal fluid to conjunctival sac

22
Q

Role of lacrimal puncta

A

Convey lacrimal fluid from the lacrimal lake to the nasolacirmal duct

23
Q

Origin of the levator palpebrae superioris

Insertion

A

Sphenoid bone (lesser wing)

Superior eyelid

24
Q

Innervation and action of levator palpebrae superioris

A

CNIII - deep layer supplied by sympathetic fibres

Elevates superior eyelid

25
Q

What muscles are involved in pupil constriction and dilatation

Their innervation?

A

Constriction- sphincter pupillae (occulomotor nn)

Dilatation- dilator pupillae (SNS)

26
Q

What effect does occulomotor palsy have

A

Pupil is dilated due to the unopposed actin of dilator pupillae- innervated by SNS

27
Q

What passes through the superior orbital fissure

A

Conveys all nn except the optic, infraorbital nn

Has superior ophthalmic vein

28
Q

What passes through the inferior orbital fissure

A

Conveys infraorbital nn and inferior ophthalmic vv

29
Q

What cells are in high concentration in the macula

A

Cone cells (they see high quality vision and colour

30
Q

What is an ipsilateral light reflex

A

Same eye you shine light in constricts

31
Q

What is a contralateral light reflex

A

Other eye constricts even though you shine a light in the other

32
Q

What is the corneal reflex

A

Put cotton bud in eye. Involuntary blinking of the eyelids because of stimulation of cornea

33
Q

What is the accommodation reflex

A

Watching an object as it approaches eye

-Change in vergence, lens shape, accommodation and pupil shape

34
Q

acronym for remembering innervations of extra ocular mm

A

LR6 SO4 AO3

[Lateral rectus 6, superior oblique 4, all others 3]

35
Q

What is the effect of a lesion or compression of the optic chiasm (such as a pituitary tumour)

A

will stop transmission of nasal fibre signal hence only temporal halves will be seen (bilateral hemianopia)

36
Q

What is the effect of a unilateral lesion posterior to optic chiasm

A

Hemianopia on the opposite side

37
Q

How do you test muscle medial rectus

A

Adduct beyond midline (follow ring finger as you adduct eye beyond midline)

38
Q

How do you test muscle superior rectus

A

Abduct then elevate

39
Q

How do you test muscle inferior rectus

A

Abduct then depress

40
Q

How do you test inferior oblique

A

Adduct then elevate

41
Q

How do you test superior oblique

A

Adduct then depress

42
Q

How do you test lateral rectus

A

abduct

43
Q

What is damage of CN3

A

Ptosis of upper eyelid

Eyeball abducted and directed slightly inferiorly

44
Q

What is damage of CN VI

A

Diplopia (double vision)

45
Q

What is damage of CN VI

A

Medial deviation of affected eye

Anatomy of the brain (13 decks)

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