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Anatomy of the brain > Anatomy and function of the Limbic system > Flashcards

Anatomy and function of the Limbic system Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Limbic system involved in

A

Emotions

Reward driven activity: feeding and sex

Motivation

Social behaviours: friend and foe

Memory of environment and experience

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2
Q

How does the limbic system function

A

Links to other key brain regions

Output to hypothalamus, sensory and motor and frontal regions to achieve survival

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3
Q

What is the Limbic system transitional between

A

Subcortical nuclei and Neo-cortex

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4
Q

What are the subfields of the hippocampus

A

Dentate gyrus
CA3
CA1
Subicular cortex

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5
Q

What is the basic circuit of the hippocampus

A

1) sensory information from multiple cortical areas
2) flows to Entorhinal cortex
3) Then Dentate gyrus
4) Then CA3
5) Then CA1
6) Then Subiculum
7) Then back to Entorhinal cortex

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6
Q

What allows memory formation in the hippocampus

A

There are connections between the inhibitory and excitatory neurons in the hippocampus

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7
Q

What is the function of the septal nuclei (which is connected to the hippocampus)

A

Have a role in the theta rhythm of the hippocampus which plays a role in behaviour

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8
Q

Where does sensory information enter the hippocampus and where does it go

A

From throughout cortex via entorhinal cortex> perforate path to dentate gyrus

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9
Q

What are the outputs of the hippocampus

A

Via Subiculum and entorhinal cortex to neocortex

Via fornix to

  • septal region
  • mamillary bodies
  • hypothalamus
  • median forebrain bundle
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10
Q

Non pharmacological treatment for severe or treatment resistant depression

A

Electroconvulsive therapy
-General anaesthetic and muscle relaxant, electricity given to produce a controlled generalised epileptic seizure. Course of up to 12 treatments

-It is vagal nerve stimulation and deep brain stimulation

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11
Q

Another non-pharmacological treatment for depression

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation
-Magnets focussed byt do not penetrate far into brain so can be targeted at front-limbic circuits implicated in depression

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12
Q

What is cognitive behaviour therapy

A

Tackles reasons why depression or anxiety are still present, not what caused them

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13
Q

How to use CBT in thinking patterns in depression

A

Tackle:

  • Nagative automatic thoughts- based on unhelpful thinking styles e..g. black and white thinking
  • Assumptions ‘if something happens then I am good/bad/unloved etc’
  • rigid beliefs
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14
Q

How to use CBT in behaviour in depression

A

Set tasks to increase confidence and interest each day

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15
Q

How to use CBT in problem solving in depression

A

Define a spefici problem into one or more solvable problems

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16
Q

Inputs Of hippocampus

A

Sensory info from throughout cortex via entorhinal cortex > perforate pathway to dentate gyrus

Modulatory inputs from septal nuclei, brainstem nuclei influence the overall functioning

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17
Q

What are other important connections of hippocampus

A

Amygdala and thalamus

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18
Q

What are the two types of Declarative memory

A

Semantic: the Eiffel towel is in Paris (fact)

Episodic: I kissed my lover under the Eiffel tower

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19
Q

What type of memory is associated with the hippocampus

A

Episodic memory

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20
Q

What does removal of hippocampus lead to

A

Profound deficit in episodic memory

Preserved procedural memory

Preserved memory of events before surgery

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21
Q

What can damage to hippocampus lead to

A

Temporal lobe epilepsy

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22
Q

What are the inputs of the amygdala

A

Olfactory bulb

Prefrontal cortex
Hippocampus and

Entorhinal cortex

Sensory thalamus and cortex

Viscerosensory cortex

23
Q

How can the effector region of the amygdala generate an autonomic response for fear

A

via Sympathetic and parasympathetic NS

24
Q

How can the effector region of the amygdala generate hormonal responses to fear

A

Through HPA axis

25
Q

How can the effector region of the amygdala generate a modulatory response

A

via modulatory systems using

NE
5-HT
DA
ACh

26
Q

What does the basal nucleus of the amygdala have a role in

A

regulation via prefrontal cortex

reward behaviours via ventral striatum

27
Q

What is the lateral nucleus in amygdala responsible for

A

Sensory information

28
Q

Where is the effects of most of the outputs of the amygdala from

A

central nucleus

29
Q

How do the outputs of the amygdala reach the brainstem

A

Stria terminalis > hypothalamus > brainstem > BNST > accumbens

30
Q

What is an example of a fear conditioning pathway

A

e.g. If a rat was exposed to a noise when it is electrocuted, it would eventually show a fear response even with just a noise (no electric shock necessary)

31
Q

Mechanism behind the fear conditioning pathway

A

The stimulus and the fearful thing pathways eventually become linked in the central nucleus so therefore only one is needed to make a fear response

32
Q

What is Kluver-Bucy syndrome

What are the symptoms

A

Large bilateral anterior temporal love resections removing amygdala, hippocampus and surrounding temporal lobe

Very docile-no longer aggressive towards keepers

  • Indiscriminant sexual activity
  • Lost ability to visually discriminate edible from inedible
  • A breakdown of visual input to channeling drives
33
Q

What is Urbach Wiethe disease

A

Bilateral amygdala lesions

-Normal ability to recognise familiar faces, happy, sad, angry, surprise, disgust face

  • Unable to recognise fear face
  • No fear of other things
  • Cannot learn fearful associations
34
Q

What do specialised circuits linking sensory input to in amygdala

A

Link sensory input with their emotional value

35
Q

What do the outputs of the amygdala use to cause behaviour

A

brainstem and hypothalamic mechanisms

36
Q

What is the neurotransmitter involved in the reward circuit

A

Dopaminergic neurons

37
Q

*Where is the reward circuit

A

Ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens

38
Q

Where is the Nucleus accumbens

A

Ventral area of nucleus accumbens

39
Q

When do midbrain dopaminergic neurons show brief bursts of activity

A

After rewarding stimuli like food or sex

Stimuli which PREDICTS reward (such as smelling food)

40
Q

Is the midbrain dopaminergic neurons correlated with ‘liking’ or ‘wanting’

A

Wanting, not liking

41
Q

When do midbrain dopaminergic neurons show Tonic (base level firing)

A

Motivation

42
Q

What receptors are involved in reward pathway

A

D1

43
Q

What does an absence of reward after stimulus predicting a reward produce

A

A drop in DA neural firing

44
Q

Where are pleasure hotspots

A

IN nucleus accumbens and Orbitofrontal cortex

45
Q

Where is the dopaminergic circuit

A

From the Substantial Nigra to the Dorsal Striatum (caudate and putamen)

46
Q

What is the ventral striato-pallidal circuit involved in

A

Reward

47
Q

What is the route of ventral striato-pallidal circuit

A

VTA

  • ->Ventral Striatum
  • ->Ventral Pallidum
  • -> Thalamus MD
  • -> LImbic and prefrontal cortex
48
Q

When is the Cingulate cortex arisen

When is there an over activity in OCD

A

Handline conflicting information (such as the word RED written in green)

Monitoring error

Arousal

-Over activity in OCD

49
Q

What dysfunction is seen in depression

A

Complex network of limbic-striatum-frontal cortex

50
Q

What are the different components of depression and which part of the brain is responsible for these

A

Amygdala-anxiety

Hippocampus- memory deficits

Reward circuits- anhedonia and motivation

Frontal lobe- motivation, decision making

Striatum- motor slowing

51
Q

What is the Meso-Limbic DA circuit

Where does it receive inputs from

A

key motivation and reward pathway

Inputs from VTA to Nucleus accumbens and basal forebrain

52
Q

What is pre-frontal cortex important in

What disorders are associated with it

A

Decisions about reward and appetite
Motivation and regulation of behaviour

Disorders can include psychiatric and personality disorders

53
Q

What does the septal nuclei connected to the hippocampus have a role in

A

Producing theta rhythm

Anatomy of the brain (13 decks)

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