Extras Flashcards
Nl minute ventilation
7L/min (14 rr x 500 ml)
FEV1, FVC, and the ratio in restrictive vs obstructive disease
Restrictive: low, low, nl
Obstructive: low, nl, low
Intrapleural pressure at rest vs between inspiration and expiration
Rest: -5
Between insp and exp: -8
Defective enzyme in PKU
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Defective enzyme in alkaptonuria
Homogentisate oxidase
Ferric reductase vs ferroxidase
Ferric reductase: Fe3 -> Fe2
Ferroxidase: Fe2 -> Fe3
Two areas that determine frequency vs tidal volume
Frequency: Pre-Botz, PRG
Tidal volume: DRG, VRG
Rostral vs caudal VRG
Rostral: premotor to phrenic
Caudal: premotor to upper airway and expiratory muscles
SARs, RARs, and J receptors: location and what they sense and the effect
SARS: airways, stretch, stop inspiration + prolong inspiration in infants and during exercise
RARs: airways, irritation, cough for protection
J receptors: alveoli, pulmonary edema, tachypnea and dry cough for protein
How long RBC spends in lung, how long O2 requires to reach equilibrium and how long CO2 requires
RBC in lung: 0.75 sec
O2 requires: 0.25 sec
CO2 requires: almost immediate
The negative startling force in the lungs and why
Tissue hydrostatic pressure - bc negative intrapleural pressure
DCs produce which cytokines to stimulate Th17 vs Th1 production?
Th17: IL-1, 6, TGF-B
Th1: IL-12
Hyperacute, acute, and chronic HVGD mechanisms
Hyperacute: pre-formed Abs
Acute: direct allorecognition
Chronic: indirect allorecognition
Order of the tubules of the kidney
Proximal convoluted -> prox straight -> thin loop of Henle -> distal straight -> distal convoluted -> CDs
Tubule histo: prox and distal vs thin loop of henle
Prox and distal tubules: simple cuboidal
Thin loop of Henle: simple squamous
Where is brush border found in kidney tubules?
Prox tubule
Charge of the glomerular BM and glycocalyx
Negative
Adrenergic receptor that causes renin release
B1
Main causes for all six types of dehydration
- Iso contraction: acute fluid loss (V/D, burn, hemorrhage)
- Hyper contraction: DM, diabetes insipidus, sweating
- Hypo contraction: adrenal insufficiency
- Iso expansion: NS IV
- Hyper expansion: high salt intake
- Hypo expansion: SAIDH
What does increased BP cause in autoregulation of renal blood flow?
Afferent constriction + efferent dilation
Only things secreted in prox tubule and thick ascending limb
Prox: H
TAL: K
Na/K ATPase in all parts of the tubule besides CDs
Na into cap, K into cell
Aldosterone vs ADH fxs
Aldosterone: increase ENaCs in Principle cells
ADH: AQPs in principal cells, urea permeability in CDs, NKCCs in TAL
Origin of metanephric blastema and ureteric bud
Metanephric blastema: nephrogenic cord
Ureteric bud: mesonephric duct
Origin of adrenal cortex vs medulla
Cortex: Coelomic epithelium
Medulla: NCCs
Two issues with nitrogen while deep sea diving
- More dissolves into plasma
2. If ascending too quickly, dissolved N will become gasseous in blood vessels
Anion gap equation
Na - (Cl + HCO3)
Henderson Hasselbalch equation
PH = 6.1 + log (HCO3/0.03PCO2)
Location and cause of type 1-3 renal tubular acidosis
1: distal tubules: failure to secrete H
2. Prox tubules: failure to reabsorb bicab
3. Adrenal glands: aldosterone deficiency or resistance
Saying for all types of acid-base disturbance causes
- Resp acidosis: CANS
- Resp alkalosis: CHAMPS
- Meta acidosis: GOLDMARK, HARDUPS
- Meta alkalosis: CLEVER PD
Muscarinic receptors found in heart vs endothelium vs lungs
Heart: M2
Endothelium: M3
Lungs: M2, M3
