8: Renal Anat And Histo

Question 1

Spinal levels of the kidney

Answer 1

T12-L3

Question 2

Which kidney is slightly lower and why?

Answer 2

Right, due to liver

Question 3

What plane runs thru superior pole of right kidney, and what level is that at?

Answer 3

Transpyloric plane, L1

Question 4

What artery do the ureters cross?

Answer 4

Common iliac

Question 5

Three points of constriction of the ureters (where stones may get stuck)

Answer 5

1. Uretopelvic junction
2. Over common iliac
3. Uretovesical junction

Question 6

Renal blood flow from aorta to IVC (15 vessels)

Answer 6

1. Aorta
2. Renal artery
3. Segmental artery
4. Interlobar artery
5. Arcuate artery
6. Interlobular artery
7. Afferent arterioles
8. Glomerulus
9. Efferent arterioles
10. Peritubular caps/vasa recta
11. Interlobular veins
12. Arcuate veins
13. Interlobar veins
14. Renal vein
15. IVC

Question 7

Sympathetics to the kidney

Answer 7

Renal plexus -> lesser, least, and lumbar splanchnic nerves

Question 8

Where do lesser and least splanchnic nerves synapse?

Answer 8

Aorticorenal ganglion

Question 9

Parasymp innervation to kidney

Answer 9

Vagus N

Question 10

Path from renal papilla to ureter (6 steps)

Answer 10

1. Renal papilla
2. Minor calyces
3. Major calyces
4. Renal sinus
5. Renal pelvis
6. Ureter

Question 11

Contents of cortex vs medulla

Answer 11

Cortex: renal corpuscles, convoluted and straight tubules, portion of CDs
Medulla: renal columns, renal pyramids

Question 12

Cortical (medullary) rays

Answer 12

Aggregations of CDs and straight tubules between corpuscles within the cortex

Question 13

Renal interstitium

Answer 13

Fibroblasts that produce erythropoietin depending on O2 levels

Question 14

Cortical labyrinth

Answer 14

Between medullary rays, contain renal corpuscles, convoluted tubules, and CDs

Question 15

Uriniferous tubule

Answer 15

Nephron + collecting tubule

Question 16

What is a nephron made up of

Answer 16

Renal corpuscle + renal tubules

Question 17

Mesangial cells are like what?

Answer 17

Pericytes

Question 18

Where are mesangial cells?

Answer 18

In renal corpuscles, enclosed in the glomerular basement membrane

Question 19

Four functions of mesangium

Answer 19

1. Phagocytosis/endocytosis of debris
2. Structural support
3. Secretion
4. Modulation of glomerular distention (contractile)

Question 20

What does prolif of mesangium mean?

Answer 20

Certain kidney diseases

Question 21

Juxtamedullary nephrons vs cortical nephrons: which have long vs short loops of Henle

Answer 21

Juxtamedullary: long
Cortical: shortical

Question 22

Peritubular capillaries

Answer 22

Surround convoluted tubules with fenestrations to re-uptake water and salt

Question 23

Vasa recta

Answer 23

Surrounding LOH for countercurrent exchange and concentration

Question 24

Descending vs ascending vasa recta

Answer 24

Descending: continuous
Ascending: has fenestrations

Question 25

JGA function

Answer 25

BP regulation - activates RAAS

Question 26

Where is the JGA

Answer 26

Near vascular pole of renal corpuscle and terminal portion of distal straight tubule

Question 27

Macula densa cells

Answer 27

Chemo receptors in JGA that sense low Na -> trigger renin release

Question 28

Urothelium / transitional ep

Answer 28

Stratified with dome-shaped apical surfaces in an empty bladder

Question 29

Functions of transitional ep

Answer 29

1. Impermeable to water | 2. Accommodate to distention and flatten out

Question 30

Three layers of transitional ep and their functions

Answer 30

1. Superficial: stretch and relax 2. Intermediate: sliding 3. Basal: stem cells

Question 31

Uroplakin

Answer 31

Form plaques in urothelium that prevent diffusion of urine into cells

Question 32

What are a series of uroplakin plaques called?

Answer 32

Fusiform vesicles

Question 33

Three ways reflux is prevented in ureters

Answer 33

1. Bladder distention compresses ureters 2. Contraction of SM of bladder compresses ureters 3. Ureters enter into bladder obliquely

Question 34

Internal vs external urethral sphincter

Answer 34

Internal: around internal urethral orifice, involuntary External: in membranous urethra, voluntary control

Question 35

Which sex’s urethra is shorter?

Answer 35

Female

Question 36

Three main segments of the male urethra + the histology involved

Answer 36

1. Prostatic: urothelium 2. membranous urethra: pseudostratified columnar 3. Penile/spongy urethra: transitions to stratified squamous at the end

Question 37

Prostatic urethra: what enters here?

Answer 37

Ejaculatory ducts, many small prostatic ducts

Question 38

What does membranous urethra pass thru

Answer 38

Deep perineal pouch

Question 39

What surrounds the spongy urethra in males?

Answer 39

Corpus spongiosum

Question 40

What empties into the spongy urethra

Answer 40

Cowper’s glands, urethral glands