EXTRACTIVES Flashcards
unmodified natural preparations of plants, animals,
fungi, bacteria, or minerals that are used for the
prevention or treatment of an ailment or disease
CRUDE Drug
Product of extraction procedure
EXTRACTIVES
a substance or an active substance with desirable
properties removed from the tissues of a plant,
frequently by treating it with a solvent, to be used for a
particular purpose
EXTRACTIVES
The amount of ______, is a measure of the amount of
certain constituents or group of related
constituents, which the drug contains.
extractives
In some cases, the amount of drug soluble in a given
solvent is an ____ of its purity
index
It is important that the solvent used will not dissolve
_____ quantities of substances other than those
sought in the extraction.
appreciable
Properties of good solvent
- Low toxicity
- Ease of evaporation
- Rapid physiologic absorption of the extract
- Preservative action
- Inert – inability to cause complex
EXTRACTION METHODS
v MACERATION
v PERCOLATION
v DIGESTION
v INFUSION
v DECOCTION
v ENFLEURAGE
v CONTINUOUS EXTRACTION
is generally used for extraction
with volatile solvents where small quantities of
a drug are extracted.
Soxhlet apparatus
% extractive =
wt of residue x 100/wt of sx
% insoluble residue=
wt of sx in the thimble after drying x 100/
wt of sx
Solvent used for resinous matter is
alcohol
Determination of the ____ is
frequently employed to determine approximately the
amount of resin in those drugs in which resinous matter is
the important constituent.
Alcohol Soluble Extractives
Alcohol Soluble Extractives s done using
Soxhlet apparatus
Alc. Sol Extract =
wt of moisture-free drug - wt of
insoluble residue
The determination of ________ Is applied to drugs
containing one or more important constituents which are soluble
in water e.g. aloe.
water-soluble extractives
The determination is performed in the same way as in the
determination of diluted alcohol extractives.
Water-Soluble Extractives
Water-Soluble Extractives Extraction is performed by
maceration
Water sol. Extract =
wt of residue after drying
for fats and fixed oils, extraction is by
continuous extraction
Hexane
for resins, fixed oils, coloring matter and crude
fiber, extraction is by continuous extraction
Ether
is the
residue consisting chiefly of cellulose,
(hemicellulose and lignin) that remains
undissolved after successive treatment
with boiling acid and alkali.
Crude Fiber Content
plants or parts of plants eaten by livestock
Forages
grass silage
21-28%
maize silage
18-23%
hay
30-35%
straw CFC
40%
wt of insoluble residue=
wt of sx and thimble after extraction - wt of tared thimble
wt of CF=
wt of residue after treatment with acid and alkali - wt of residue after incineration
% CF=
wt of CF / wt of insoluble residue
are a huge group of naturally occurring organic
compounds synthesized as secondary metabolites.
Alkaloids
Alkaloids structure includes
nitrogen atom or atoms (amino
or amido)
Alkaloids nitrogen atoms cause ____of these
compounds
alkalinity
Alkaloids can react with acids and then form
_____, just like inorganic alkalis.
salts
Alkaloids isolation may be done by _____ or an
instrumental method called ______.
EXTRACTION
chromatography
These nitrogen atoms in alkaloids can behave like a _____ in
acid-base reactions.
base
Alkaloids in pure form are usually colorless,
odorless crystalline solids, but sometimes they
can be ____ and have bitter taste.
yellowish liquids
Alkaloids may be defined as chemical substances
which:
(1) are obtained from plant, animal or synthetic
sources
(2) contain organic nitrogen(s) within their
chemical structures and
(3) usually possess
physiological activity.
Alkaloids (R3N) are sparingly soluble in water but
readily soluble in most organic solvents immiscible in
water such as _____, _____, ______
ether, chloroform (CHCl 3) and carbon
tetrachloride (CCl 4).
______ (R3+ NHCl - ) are readily soluble in
water and sparingly soluble in immiscible solvents.
Alkaloidal salts
Alkaloids form highly insoluble precipitates with a considerable number of
reagents especially with the salts of some heavy metals such as ____, ____, _____
mercury, gold
and platinum.
Mercuric Iodide TS commonly known as
Valser’s Reagent
Iodine TS – commonly known as
Wagner’s Reagent
Mercuric Potassium Iodide commonly known as
Mayer’s Reagent
% alkaloid =
(ml x N) a - (ml x N) b x meq sx alkaloid
—————————– x 100
wt of sample used
Another way of quantifying the alkaloid, is by
residual precipitimetry, or Volhard titration
The simplest way to quantify alkaloids after
extraction is % alkaloid =
Weight of the extract
———————————-x 100
wt of sample used
