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block 3 > Extracellular matrix/histology > Flashcards

Extracellular matrix/histology Flashcards

1
Q

interstitial fluid

A

A complex aqueous soup of ions, proteins, proteoglycans, and signaling molecules that surrounds normal cells.

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2
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

Composed of interstitial fluid and all surround matrix that make up the surrounding environment. Contains fibrous proteins and proteoglycans.

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3
Q

Extracellular function

A

provides shape/structure to interstitial space, lubrication and cushioning, provides anchor point for cell adhesion, allows communication between cells and controls life cycle.

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4
Q

ECM protein that provide structure and attachment

A

Collagen fibers, elastin, fibronectin

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5
Q

ECM that prevent compression?

A

GAG’s such as hyaluronic acid, chondronitin sulfate, dermatin sulfate, heparan sulfate, keratin sulfate.

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6
Q

Collagen

A

Major protein of ECM and 30% of protein mass in body. Many different collagen that differ in function, distribution, and organization. Two types: Fibrillar and nonfibrillar.

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7
Q

Collagen structure.

A

Each protein has unique left-handed helix with three amino acids per turn (Gly-X-Y) glycine, proline, hydroxyproline. Glycine compose the middle of protein and proline/hydroxyproline are on the outside that provide support.

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8
Q

Tropocollagen

A

three helical collagen proteins come together to make a triple-stranded right-handed super-helical Quaternary structure.

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9
Q

Fibrillar Collagen

A

Formed from mixture of collagen types that provides tensile strength to skin, tendons, and ligaments. Long overlapping of tropocollagen

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10
Q

Non-fibrillar collagen

A

Basement membrane collagen (type 4). Has interrupted tropocollagen. Interacts with fibrillar to form mesh-like structures.

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11
Q

Basement membrane

A

Thin layer of ECM of type 4 collagen that surrounds tissues to create barrier. Main purpose is to prevent migration of certain cell types.

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12
Q

collagen Synthesis

A

Preprocollagen is synthesized with a signal directing it to the lumen of the ER. Removal of signal results in procollagen. Post-transnational modification in the ER (proline converstion, attach sugar to protein, disulfide bonds incorporated). Disulfide bond formation triggers triple helical formation (tropocollagen). Transported to golgi and exocytosed. Converted to mature collagen by proteolysis and then can crosslink to form insoluble collagen.

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13
Q

Scurvy

A

Vitamin C deficiency via collagen synthesis.. VitC is a cofactor of hydrolase enzyme that produce hydroxyproline from proline.

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14
Q

Hydroxylase

A

convert proline to hydroxyproline in collagen synthesis. Occurs in ER.

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15
Q

Glycosylation

A

Attaches sugars to procollagen in ER.

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16
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (brittle bone)

A

Point mutation in genes coding for alpha 1 or alpha 2 collagen chains. Changed amino acid sequence prevents formation of helical structure.

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17
Q

Elastin

A

Forms elastic fibers in blood vessels, lungs, ligaments, and skin. Single protein and has little post-translational modification.

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18
Q

Desmosine

A

Elastin monomers cross linked to form two dimensional latticework allowing for stretching in two dimensions.

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19
Q

Fibronectin

A

ECM protein that is attachment point for other cellular and ECM components. Many isoforms that are both tissue and developmental specific. Involved in cell adhesion, migration, embryonic morphogenesis, and cytoskeletal/ECM organization.

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20
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Gel-forming portion of the ECM sometimes known as ground substance. Contains protein chains with large amount of complex carbohydrates called glycosaminoglycan (GAG). Main role to provide support to tissue ( cartilage and connective tissue). Prevent compression stress due to large negative charge.

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21
Q

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)

A

May contain up to 100 sugars per chain with specific repeating sequences composed of uronic acid and amino sugar. They are polyanionic due to uronic acid and high levels of sulfation on the amino sugars.

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22
Q

Major proteoglycans of EMC

A

Hyaluronic acid, Chondroitin sulfate, Dermatan sulfate, Heparan sulfate, Keratan sulfate…..all are GAG’s.

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23
Q

Where are proteoglycan constructed?

A

In the golgi apparatus. Receives protein core from ER.

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24
Q

mucopolysaccharidosis

A

Disruption of degradation and synthesis at the point of the many enzymes involved in the processes.

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25
Q

Aggrecans

A

Large macro-molecule composed of different proteoglycans that includes other extracellular proteins.

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26
Q

Function of proteoglycans

A

Large negative charge in ECM leads to numerous counterions to neutralize charge. Charge leads to water influx resulting in stiffness of ECM by binding interactions with proteoglycans and collagen. High charge allows rigidity, flexibility, and resist compressibility. Joints to withstand torsion and shock.

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27
Q

Hyaluronic Acid

A

Longest polysaccharide GAG that doesn’t have protein core and no sulfation. Major lubricating of synovial fluid and vitreous humor.

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28
Q

Chondroitin sulfate

A

Most common GAG, major component of cartilage. Resist compression of cartilage through electrical charge repulsion. Loss of causes osteoarthritis.

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29
Q

Dermatan Sulfate

A

Higher charge density than other proteoglycans, similar to chondroitin sulfate. Disruption of dermatan sulfate synthesis lead to many mucopolysaccharidosis.

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30
Q

Heparan Sulfate

A

Higher charged of all proteoglycans by mass. Major component of basement membrane. Binds many soluble regulatory proteins (interferon, GF. antithrombin). Anticoagulant properties.

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31
Q

Keratan Sulfate

A

Most heterogeneous GAG. Three types: 1-cornea hydration, 2-primarily skeletal tissue including bone/cartilage, 3-found in brain.

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32
Q

What is the extra cellular matrix?

A

It acts like reinforced concrete support for tissues. Collagen fibers act as the rebar providing strength and support. Proteoglycans act as an amorphous cement to tie everything together and provide rigidity.

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33
Q

Matrix Metalloproteases (MMP)

A

A whole class of functional proteins responsible for digesting the structural components of extra cellular matrix. MMP are synthesized as zymogens and are secreted or membrane bound.

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34
Q

What metal do all MMP require as a cofactor?

A

Zinc.

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35
Q

Domains for MMP’s

A

Propeptide domain, catalytic domain, haemopexin-like C-terminal domain

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36
Q

Catalytic domain

A

MMP domain that binds zinc and allows proteolytic activity. Activates a water molecule that is able to react with the amide bond of protein substrate and allow proteolytic reaction.

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37
Q

Haemopexin-like C-terminal domain

A

Sometimes absent from from MMP’s and may bind tissue inhibition MMP to inhibit activity.

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38
Q

Propetide domain

A

Zymogen portion of enzyme.

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39
Q

Cysteine Switch

A

Cysteine residue that resides in the propetide domain on MMP. Cysteine switch binds the zinc atom and prevents zinc activity. Removing propetide allows for activity.

40
Q

Enamelysin

A

Degrades ameloginin which is the major protein component of tooth enamel. Important for enamel tooth development.

41
Q

Amelogenesis Imperfecta

A

A defect in enamelysin function that leads to thin enamel and discolored teeth that are susceptible to cavities.

42
Q

The two specific proteins important in ECM signaling and remodeling?

A

Integrins receptors and cytokines/growth receptors.

43
Q

Integrin receptors

A

Cell surface receptors linking the ECM to cytoskeleton. Trans-membrane receptors that signal both from inside cell to outside and outside cell to inside. External ECM signals activate integrin (deformation of ECM).

44
Q

Integrin Structure

A

Dimeric structure with alpha and beta subunit. Divalent cations bound receptors to stabilize receptors (Ca, Mg).

45
Q

Cytokines

A

Part of inflammatory response. Uses Interleukins (IL) and interferons (IFN) that activate MMP’s in preparation of ECM remodeling.

46
Q

Growth Factors

A

Used as part to active ECM remodeling during cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation.

47
Q

Bone Matrix composed of two parts

A

Calicified bone matrix and osteoid.

48
Q

Calcified bone matrix

A

Mineralized portion of bone containing osteocytes with 25% organic and 70% inorganic minerals and 5%water.

49
Q

Osteoid

A

Nonmineralized portion of bone that converts to calcified bone matrix after maturation. May have immature bone spicules in collagen matrix.

50
Q

Composition of periodontal ligament (PDL)

A

70% water and cell composition is primarily fibroblast that synthesize ECM structures to stabilize adjacent cells.

51
Q

Two main tissue cuts?

A

Longitudinal cut-with the grain. Transverse cut-against the grain.

52
Q

The main stain for histology and the structure colors?

A

Hemotoxylin & Eosin (H&E). Nuclei is blue, cytoplasm is pink/red. Collagen/muscle is pink.

53
Q

What germ layers does epithelial tissue come from?

A

All three germ layers.

54
Q

Function of Basement membrane?

A

Extracellular selective filter between epithelium and connective tissue. It is located between cells and connective tissue. Controls cellular growth.

55
Q

Components of basement Membrane?

A

Type 4 and 7 collagen, proteoglycans, underlying reticular fibers (connective tissues)

56
Q

Layers of basement membrane

A

Lamina lucida (top), lamina densa (middle) and lamina fibroreticularis (bottom)

57
Q

Transitional cells

A

Found in urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters. Permits expansion (squamous) and contraction (cubodial)

58
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Body linings. Functions to reduce friction, controls vessel permeability, performs absorption and secretion. Can be endothelium and mesothelium. Lining of ventral body, heart, blood vessels, lung for gas exchange.

59
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Glands, ducts, portion of kidneys tubules, thyroid gland. Provides limited protection, secretion/absorption.

60
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder uterine tubes, collecting ducts of kidneys. Functions as protection, secretion, and absorption.

61
Q

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial

A

lining of nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi, portion of male reproductive tract. Provides protection, secretion, and move mucus with cilia.

62
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Surface of skin, lining of mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus and vagina. Provided physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attacks.

63
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

Small areas of pharynx, epiglottis, anus, mammary glands, salivary gland ducts, and urethra. Provides protection.

64
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Lining of ducts (rare). Protection, secretion, absorption.

65
Q

Microvilli

A

Closely spaced finger like projections that increase absorption by 30x. Brush border (kidney, intestine), striated border (intestine). Luminal surface modification

66
Q

Stereocilia (stereovilli)

A

Elongated microvilli present in epididymis, vas deferens, ear. Luminal surface modification

67
Q

Cilia

A

Elongated, motile extension of cell that moves fluid and particles. Has dynein, ATPase activity and microtubules. Found in trachea, bronchioles, ovaducts.

68
Q

Protein production and secretion cells

A

Well developed rough ER, are basophilia (lots of RNA) and abundant secretory granules located apically-exocytosis.

69
Q

Mucin production and secretion

A

Well developed basal rough ER and supranuclear golgi. Large and clear apical secretory vesicles full of mucins.

70
Q

Mucin

A

A proteoglycan mostly carbohydrates. Glycosaminoglycans (repeating disaccharides) of GAG’s that are hydrophilic and become mucus when fully hydrated. Sugars added to protein core in golgi.

71
Q

Lipid (steroid) production and secretion

A

Well developed smooth ER with free lipids in vacuoles.

72
Q

Merocrine

A

Product delivered by vesicles, exit cell by exocytosis

73
Q

Holocrine

A

Product accumulates and is released when cell undergoes apoptosis.

74
Q

Apocrine

A

Product released with small portion of cytoplasm in envelope of plasma membrane.

75
Q

Mucus secretion

A

Exocrine secretions that are viscous glycosylated secretions. Globlet cells in GI tract, epithelial cells in stomach, sublingual salivary glands

76
Q

Serous secretions

A

watery, poorly or nonglycosylated secretions. Sweat glands of skin, parotid glands, pancreas.

77
Q

Unicellular glands

A

single cells in isolation i.e. goblet cells

78
Q

Branched duct part of exocrine gland

A

compound duct

79
Q

Non-branched duct part of exocrine gland

A

simple duct.

80
Q

Shape and complexity of secretory portion of gland

A

Shape: tubular or acinar. Complexity: coiled or branched.

81
Q

Collagen Fibers

A

Flexible with high tensile strength and made up with tropocollagen

82
Q

Tropocallagen

A

Triple helix made of 3 intertwined polypeptide chains that make collagen fibers.

83
Q

Type 1 collagen

A

Fibrous supporting tissues providing mechanical support and tensile strength.

84
Q

Type 2 collagen

A

Found in hyaline cartilage

85
Q

Type 3 collagen

A

Know as reticulin, is delicate and forms a branched meshwork

86
Q

Type 4 collagen

A

Mesh of basement membrane

87
Q

Type 5 collagen

A

Anchoring fibrils that link to the basement membrane.

88
Q

Reticulin

A

Type 3 collagen, narrow diameter, not bundled, mesh-like pattern or network

89
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

Response to stretch and distension. Has elastin core and fibrillin microfibrils. Produced by fibroblast and smooth muscle cells.

90
Q

Ground substance

A

Viscous, clear and slippery substance with high water content and little structure. Empty background and works to diffuse nutrients and waste, lubricant and barrier. Primarily composed of proteoglycans.

91
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue (irregular and regular),

92
Q

Specialized connective tissue

A

Adipose tissue, cartilage, bone, blood, hematopoietic tissue, lymphatic tissue.

93
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Slender bundles of collagen, elastic, watery matrix. Composed of fibroblast, macrophages (histocytes), mast cells, fat cells.

94
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

Irregular and regular. Fewer cells and abundant fibers. For resistance and protection.

95
Q

Adipose tissue function

A

cushion, insulates, stores energy/water, endocrine tissue.

96
Q

Brown adipose tissue

A

Numerous blood vessels and mitochondria. Smaller than unilocular adipocytes.

block 3 (9 decks)

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