Extra Clinical in Opthamology Flashcards
What is xerostomia?
dry mouth
What is proliferative retinopathy?
when fragile new blood vessels grow on retina and vitreoius humour
What is the difference in the defect of the vision when a lesion is the occipital cortex rather than in the optic tract?
lesions of occipital cortex are CONGROUS and SPARE THE MACULA, lesions in the optic tract do not
Describe the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
chronic hyperglycaemia - glycolysation of basement membrane - loss of pericytes - microaneurysm - leakage or ischaemia
What is optic neuritis commonly caused by?
MS
What is nystagmus?
uncontrolled movement of eyes
Which of the nerve palsies carries a ptosis>
3rd
What does a painful third nerve palsy suggest?
aneurysm
In which direction will a 4th nerve palsy head tilt be?
away from affected side
What will a 6th nerve palsy cause?
unable to abduct affected eye
Which external oculomotor muscle does the 6th cranial nerve supply?
lateral rectus
How can intracranial pressure cause 6th nerve palsy?
because 6th cranial nerve hooks around petrous part of temporal bone
What does raised ICP look like on fundoscopy?
papilloedema
Which arteritis can cause optic neuropathy?
giant cell arteritis
Which other symptom goes along with vision loss in wet macular degeneration?
distortion
Treatment for wet macular degeneration?
Anti VEGF
Why should the red reflexes of neonates be checked?
they may have cataracts caused by intra uterine infection
What type of eye disease is acne rosacea associated with?
posterior blepharitis
What type of blephartis is a disease of the meimbonian glands?
posterior
What type of blephartis is a disease of the meibonian glands?
posterior
1st line for blepharitis?
lid hygeine
What type of anterior blepharitis causes distortion of lashes?
staphylococcal
What is chemosis?
conjunctival oedema
Which lymph nodes will be raised in conjunctivitis?
pre auricular
Name for a collection of inflammatory cells in anterior chamber of eye?
hypopyon
Where would an autoimmune corneal ulcer be?
periphery or cornea
Which type of malignancy can cause anterior uveitis?
leukemia
What name is given to the condition where the iris adheres to the cornea, causing a small/irregular pupil?
synechiea
What are mydriatics?
pupil dilators
What eye condition is associated with gout?
episcleritis
Which is more serious, episcleritis or scleritis?
scleritis
Best test for scleritis?
phenylephrine test
In which bone is the superior orbital fissure?
sphenoid
Which bone makes up the majority of the roof of the orbit?
frontal bone
Which structures protect the eye from direct blows that are from objects larger than the orbit?
superior and inferior orbital margins
Which structures are most commonly affected in an orbital blowout fracture?
medial wall or orbit and orbital floor
What can a fractured zygoma damage?
infraorbital neurovascular bundle
What does damage to the infraorbital neurovascular bundle result in?
general sensory defecit of facial skin
Medical term for eyelid?
palpebra
What muscle is the sphincter of the eye/eyelid muscle?
orbicularis oculi
What do the fibres of the orbicularis oculi SURROUNDING the eye do?
screw up eye
What are the fibres of the orbicularis oculi WITHIN the eye for?
blinking
What is the name for the fascia attaching to the periphery of the orbital rim?
orbital septum
What is the purpose of the orbital septum
Prevents spread of infection from superficial to deep
What muscle raised the upper eyelid?
levator palpabre superioris
What type of muscle fibres does the levator palpabre superioris contain?
skeletal and smooth
Purpose of palpabre ligaments?
attach eyelid to orbital rim
Where is the conjunvita reflected off the sclero and onto the internal aspect of the eyelid?
conjunctival fornix
Where does the lacrimal gland get its nerve supply?
cranial nerve VII
What type of nerve supply is the lacrimal gland’s?
parasympathetic
What connects the orbit to the lacrimal sac?
lacrimal canaliculi
Where is the lacrimal sac?
superior end of nasolacrimal duct
