Anatomy 2.0

Question 1

What does this describe: a thick fascial sling that holds the eye just above the floor of the orbit?

Answer 1

suspensory ligament

Question 2

What is diplopia?

Answer 2

double vision

Question 3

What may a fractured zygoma lead to due to lowering of the suspensory ligament?

Answer 3

diplopia

Question 4

What can be damaged in a fracture of the zygoma, resulting in a general sensory deficit of the facial skin?

Answer 4

the infraorbital NVB within the infraorbital canal

Question 5

What does CNV1 (opthalmic nerve) supply?

Answer 5

the upper eyelid

• the cornea
• all the conjunctiva
• the skin of the root/bridge/tip of the nose

Question 6

What does CNV2 (maxillary nerve) supply?

Answer 6

the skin of the lower eyelid
the skin over the maxilla
the skin of the ala of the nose
the skin/mucosa of the upper lip

Question 7

What does CNV3 (mandibular nerve) supply?

Answer 7

the skin over the mandible and temporomandibular joint (apart from the angle of the mandible – supplied by C2,3 spinal nerves)

Question 8

Action potentials are conducted centrally via which nerve to the trigeminal ganglion, then in which nerve to the pons?

Answer 8

CNV1 (opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve)

CNV (trigeminal nerve)

Question 9

The inferior cervical and 1st thoracic ganglia often fuse to form the what?

Answer 9

stellate ganglion

Question 10

Which presynaptic parasympathetic axons leave the CNS in cranial nerves III, VII, IX & X?

Answer 10

ALL

Question 11

What do presynaptic parasympathetic axons supply from CNIII?

Answer 11

to the ciliary ganglion

Question 12

The long ciliary nerves form what?

Answer 12

the first part of the afferent limb of the blink (corneal) reflex

Question 13

The ciliary nerves supply autonomic axons to control what?

Answer 13

the diameter of the iris (& pupil) & the refractive shape of the lens

Question 14

What does the the vestibulo-ocular reflex do?

Answer 14

• turns the eyes in the opposite direction to a head movement (to stabilise the gaze on an object during head movements)

Question 15

What is the oculocardiac reflex?

Answer 15

reflex bradycardia in response to tension on the extraocular muscles or pressure on the eye

Question 16

Which type of lacrimation is parasympathetic and with is sympathetic?

Answer 16

emotional - sympathetic

reflex (to wash away foreign bodies/clean) - sympathetic

Question 17

Is getting less light into the eyes parasympathetic or sympathetic?

Answer 17

parasympathetic (eg when asleep)

Question 18

Is levator palpebrae superioris skeletal or smooth?

Answer 18

BOTH

Question 19

What is a non-physiologically enlarged pupil?

Answer 19

mydriatic pupil

Question 20

What drugs might cause a fixed pin point pupil?

Answer 20

opiates

Question 21

What is the arrangement of sphincter pupillae fibres all around the internal circumference of the iris?

Answer 21

encircling

Question 22

What is a fixed dilated pupil (blown out pupil) a sign of?

Answer 22

is often a serious pathological sign e.g. of CN III pathology (inhibiting the pupillary constricting action of parasympathetic axons in the ciliary nerves)

Question 23

What is a non-physiologically constricted pupil called and in what syndrome may it occur?

Answer 23

a miotic pupil

Horner’s syndrome

Question 24

What are the 3 components of the accommodation reflex?

Answer 24

1.bilateral pupillary constriction (CNs III)
2. bilateral convergence - medial rotation of both eyes (CNs III)
3. bilateral relaxation of the lens
the lens becomes spherical due to contraction of the ciliary muscles (CNs III)

Question 25

Which afferents and efferents are involved in reflex tears?

Answer 25

the afferent limb - CN V1 (the ophthalmic nerve) from the cornea/conjunctiva
the efferent limb - from CN VII (the facial nerve)

Question 26

Which type of tears contain lysozyme?

Answer 26

basal tears

Question 27

Branches of what carry the axons to the lacrimal gland?

Answer 27

V1 then V2

Question 28

What contains the presynaptic parasympathetic axons for the submandibular & sublingual glands?

Answer 28

the chorda tympani branch of CN VII