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Year 6 Cross Section > Extra bits > Flashcards

Extra bits Flashcards

1
Q

C5

A

elbow flexion
biceps reflex

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2
Q

C6

A

wrist extension
biceps reflex
supinator reflex

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3
Q

C7

A

elbow extension
triceps reflex

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4
Q

C8

A

middle finger flexion

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5
Q

T1

A

little finger abdution

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6
Q

L2

A

hip flexion

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7
Q

L3

A

knee extension

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8
Q

L4

A

ankle dorsiflexion

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9
Q

L5

A

big toe extension

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10
Q

S1

A

ankle plantar flexion

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11
Q

ankle reflex roots

A

S1/S2

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12
Q

knee jerk roots

A

L3/L4

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13
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

expressive aphasia
say words, lots of mistakes
comprehension and repetition impaired

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14
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

receptive aphasia
speech is non-fluent, halting, laboured
comprehension is normal

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15
Q

function of kidney

A

Balance: water, electrolytes, acid base
Endocrine: EPO, Vit D, RAS, BP control
Excretion: waste, metabolites

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16
Q

LVH on ECG

A

R wave in V6 >25mm
R wave in V5/V6 + S wave in V1 >35mm

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17
Q

RVH on ECG

A

dominant R wave in V1
Deep S wave in V6

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18
Q

GCS voice

A

1: no response
2: sounds
3: words
4: confused
5: orientated

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19
Q

criteria for immediate CT spine

A

GCS <13 on initial assessment
Pt intubated
Ruling out needed (e.g. for surgery)
Clinical suspicion and age >65/focal neurology/high impact injury

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20
Q

T1DM insulin regimes

A

Basal bolus: OD long acting, quick at meals
Biphasic: mixed BD

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21
Q

T2DM insulin regime

A

normally OD long acting

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22
Q

SE of insulin

A

weight gain

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23
Q

cause of axillary (C5, C6) nerve damage

A

anterior shoulder dislocation

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24
Q

motor loss of axillary nerve damage

A

impaired arm abduction (deltoid)
impaired external rotation (teres minor)

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25
Q

sensory loss of axillary nerve damage

A

regimental patch

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26
Q

cause of radial (C5-T1) nerve problem

A

axilla: saturday night palsy
middle: fracture of humerus
wrist: dec grip strength

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27
Q

cause of median (C5-T1) nerve problem

A

supracondylar fracture of humerus
carpal tunnel

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28
Q

motor loss in median nerve problem

A

atrophy of thenar muscles
poor flexion of wrist, thumb, index, middle finger

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29
Q

sensory loss in median nerve problem

A

thenar eminence
palmar aspect of thumb, index, middle finger

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30
Q

cause of ulnar (C8-T1) problem

A

fracture of medial epicondyle
cubital tunnel syndrome

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31
Q

motor loss in ulnar nerve problem

A

ulnar claw
LLOAF muscles

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32
Q

sensory loss in ulnar nerve problem

A

palmar and dorsal aspects of little finger
medical half of ring finger
hypothenar eminence

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33
Q

what innervates suprascapular nerve

A

infraspinatus and supraspinatus

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34
Q

motor deficits in suprascapular nerve damage

A

limited adduction/abduction/ external rotation of arm
shoulder instability (rotator cuff muscle paralysis)

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35
Q

femoral nerve (L2-L4) motor injury

A

impaired hip flexion
impaired knee extension
dec knee jerk

36
Q

femoral nerve (L2-L4) sensory injury

A

anteriomedial thigh
medial lower leg, knee, medial aspect of foot

37
Q

common peroneal nerve (L4-S2) motor injury

A

impaired foot eversion, weak dorsiflexion
foot drop

38
Q

common peroneal nerve (L4-S2) sensory injury

A

lateral surface of lower leg
dorsum of feet and toes

39
Q

how is common peroneal nerve damaged

A

fracture of fibular head, compression

40
Q

how is sciatic nerve injured

A

herniated disc
post hip dislocation
iatrogenic

41
Q

sciatic nerve (L4-S3) motor injury

A

paralysis of hamstring = impaired knee flexion and hip adduction

42
Q

sciatic nerve (L4-S3) sensory injury

A

lower leg and foot

43
Q

tibial nerve (L4-S3) motor injury

A

can’t invert foot

44
Q

tibial nerve (L4-S3) sensory injury

A

loss over sole of foot

45
Q

how is tibial nerve injured

A

trauma of knee/leg
baker cyst

46
Q

defect in optic nerve

A

ipsilateral monocular blindess

47
Q

causes of a defect in optic nerve

A

optic neuritis
amourosis fugax
optic atrophy

48
Q

defect in optic chiasm (central)

A

bitemporal hemianopia

49
Q

causes of a central defect in optic chiasm

A

pituitary adenoma
suprasellar aneurysm

50
Q

defect in optic chiasm (lateral)

A

ipsilateral monocular nasal hemianopia

51
Q

causes of a lateral defect in optic chiasm

A

distension of 3rd ventricle, posterior communicating artery aneurysm

52
Q

defect in optic tract

A

contralateral homonymous hemianopia

53
Q

causes of an optic tract defect

A

MCA stroke
tumours

54
Q

defect in optic radiation

A

contralateral homonymous quadrantopia

55
Q

causes of a defect in optic radiation

A

MCA stroke
tumour
trauma

56
Q

defect in occipital cortex

A

contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

57
Q

causes of an occipital cortex defect

A

PCA stroke
trauma

58
Q

what is the visual pathway

A

retina
optic nerve
optic chiasm
optic radiation
visual centre in occipital lobe

59
Q

ECG standard rate

A

25 mm/s

60
Q

large and small square length

A

large = 5mm = 0.2 sec
small = 0.04 sec

61
Q

PR length

A

actually PQ length
3-5 small squares

62
Q

QRS length

A

3 small squares

63
Q

normal axis

A

positive in I, II, III

64
Q

RAD

A

negative I, positive II and III

65
Q

LAD

A

positive I, negative II and III

66
Q

RBBB on ECG

A

V1 - RSR
V6 - deep wide S wave

67
Q

what is a bifasicular block?

A

RBBB and LAD

68
Q

WPW on ECG

A

short PR interval
delta wave

69
Q

atrial hypertrophy

A

broad bifid p waves
peaked p waves

70
Q

RVH on ECG

A

V1 upright QRS (R wave exceeds height of S waves)
RAD

71
Q

PE ECG signs

A

peaked p waves
RAD
RBBB

72
Q

LVH

A

R wave >25mm in V5/V6
deep S wave in V1

73
Q

Q wave infarction

A

> 1 small square width and >2mm depth
= infarction

74
Q

post MI changes

A

dominant R waves

75
Q

limits of normal
PR
QRS
QTc

A

PR = 200ms
QRS = 120ms
QTc = 480ms

76
Q

lateral infarction leads

A

I, VL, V5-6

77
Q

pacemaker 1st letter

A

chamber paced (A, V, D=dual)

78
Q

pacemaker 2nd letter

A

chamber sensed (A, V, D)

79
Q

pacemaker 3rd letter

A

response to a sensed event (A, V, D for pacing, 1 for pacemaker inhibition)

80
Q

what to think about in PEA

A

4H’s and 4T’s

81
Q

time limit of acute limb ischaemia

A

<14 days

82
Q

PAD changes on exam

A

muscle atrophy
nail changes
absence pulses
hair loss
arterial ulers

83
Q

investigations to do in PAD

A

stenting
endarterecotmy
grafts
bypass (fem-pop, aorta-femoral)

84
Q

classes of acute limb ischaemia

A

complete
incomplete
irreversible

85
Q

before compression bandaging do what

A

ABPI to exclude arterial disease

86
Q

peripheral vertigo vs central nystagmus

A

peripheral: nystagmus = horizontal
central (cerebellum, brainstem): nystagmus = mutli-directional

Year 6 Cross Section (23 decks)

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