external respiration Flashcards
differentiate between external and internal composition of nose
ex :
- bone (ethmoid)
- cartilage (hyaline)
- tissue (fibro fatty)
internal :
- hair (filtration)
- ciliated mucous membrane (secrete sticky mucous for moisturizing air, which the air in turn travels through pharynx)
- blood capillaries (warms & maintains the air to 30C)
describe the parts and location of the pharynx and lenght
- starts below the skull and ends at 6 cervical vertebrae
1.nasopharynx : starts from below the skull and ends at soft palate
2. oropharynx : involved in involuntary and voluntary swallowing
3. laryngopharynx : starts at hyoid and ends and cricoid cartilage (ring) involved in swallowing, air movement and voice production
4.5 inches
describe function and composition of lyranx
- also known as voice-box and glottis
-contains vocal cords - pair of ligaments. main comp is mucus membrane - pitch and volume of the sound depends on tension on vocal cord and amount of air entering vc
- The opening of the larynx is epiglottis
differentiate bw the vocal cords of female and male
fe : smaller vc, higher pitch
male : large vc, smaller pitch
location, length, diameter, composition, shape, and function of trachea
- cricoid to carina cartilage
- 11 cm
- 2-2.5 cm (diameter)
- cartilage (horse shoe shape 10-20 in no.) , ciliated mucus membrane
- flat posterior, hollow and cylindrical
- conduction of air, moistens air, filtration (less than nose), warming of air
describe bronchi
right : large diameter
left : small diameter
- composition is the same as trachea but contains cartilage plates instead of rings
describe bronchioles
- 1mm of less thickness
- ciliated cuboidal epithelium
- no cartilage
describe the gas exchange surface (alveoli)
- wall is 0.1 micrometer
- there is good supply of blood capillaries on the outside
- lined by moist squamous epithelium
- composed of collagen and elastic fibers(expand and recoil)
70-90 m2 surface area
describe the anatomy of the gas exchange organ : lung
right : 56%
- divided into 3 lobes (inferior, middle, superior)
whereas left if 44%
and only divided into 2 lobes, inferior and superior
why is a pair of lungs present in different percentages
because of asymmetrical position of the heart
which membrane lines the lungs
a double membrane called pleura
- it protects(along w ribs), stops leakage of air, and reduces friction
where are the lungs located?
in the thoracic cavity
starts from above the first ring and ends on abdomen
which cavity is located between the right and left plural cavity? and what’s inside it
mediastinum cavity
the heart
what is the total lungs volume/capacity
5 liters (5000 ml)
define tidal volume
amount of air exchange during one normal breath
500 ml
define residual volume
amount or air remaining in lungs after expiration
1500 ml
define inspiratory reserve volume
The extra volume of air that can be inspired with maximal effort (forceful inhalation) after reaching the end of a normal, quiet inspiration. (tidal)
3000 ml
define expiratory reserve volume
It is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled (forceful exhalation) out after a normal exhalation (tidal)
1200 ml
medulla oblongata communicates w intercostal muscle thru ….. in the control of breathing
inter-coastal nerves
medulla oblongata control the process of respiration in diaphragm by … nerves
phrenic nerve
where is the inter coastal muscle loacted
bw the ribs
what controls the rhythm of breathing
pons
what happens when there is a 20% decrease in O2
rate of breathing doubles
what happens when there is a 40% decrease in O2 on rate of breathing
4 times increases increases
when is sternum in it’s original position?
during exhalation when the chest is contracted
what is the position of the sternum during inhalation
away from from vertebral column
- chest expands
why does the diaphragm relax when the chest contracts during exhalation
pressure around lungs is high, and thus air leaves/is out
vice versa for inhalation
as pressure is low so pleura/chest expands and there is space around lungs so air enters
describe the role of inspiratory center in inhalation and exhalation
inhale : directly
exhale : indirectly
what percentage of blood travels in the form of oxyhb vs plasma
plasma : 3%
oxyhb: 97%
how much oxygen travels in the form of oxyhb vs in plasma
oxyHb : 97%
plasma : 3%
how much oxygen travels in the form of oxyhb vs in plasma
oxyHb : 97%
plasma : 3%
which enzyme is used in the reversible reaction bw oxygen and Hb
carbonic anhydrase
how much oxygen is in 100 ml blood in standard pressure in arteries
19.4 ml in 97% saturation
how much O2 is in 100 ml of venous blood and why
14,4 ml
( 5 ml O2 is exchanged in capillaries to be used in respiration
in plasma it will be 0.12 ml
during exercise how much oxygen is exchanged in 100 ml of blood in capillaries
15 ml, thus 4.4 ml of oxygenated blood is left in the veins
how many grams of Hb are in 100 ml of blood
15 grams
how much O2 is in 1 gm of Hb
1.34 ml
what does the attachment/ detachment of O2 depend on
pH of blood
temperature
partial pressure of O2
how does partial pressure affect oxygen release into the tissue from the arteries
- Muscles require more O2, so there is less partial pressure of O2 in tissue (20mmHg), more O2 will be released
- adipose tissues have higher partial pressure (80 mmHg) so less O2 is released.
what happen’s in hamburger’s phenomena?
also known as chloride ion shift
Cl- moves into RBC whereas K+ moves outside of RBC into plasma through a protein
how is the 7.4 pH maintained into blood after the irreversible reaction of CO2 and water to form carbonic acid which is unstable and decomposes (producing H+ ions)
Na+ combines with bicarbonate ions to form sodium carbonate
where is the partial pressure of CO2 higher and why
higher in tissues than blood as respiration occurs in tissues which produces CO2
which part of Hb combines w CO2 VS O2
haem : O2
globin : CO2 (occurs when partial pressure of CO2 is higher in tissues than blood)
where and why is Co2 disassociated from Hb in carboxyhb
when the partial pressure of Hb is higher in the blood than the tissue (alveoli)
A decrease in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air
what are the percentages of ways of CO2 transport
70% : bicarbonate ions
23 % : carboxyhemoglobin
7% : dissolved plasma
what are the causes of sinusitis (inflammation of sinuses- small opening in facial region)
- bacteria
- viral
- allergies
- dry air
- hot air
- cold air
what are the symptoms of sinusitis
- nasal obstruction
- puss like discharge
- loss of sense of smell
- facial pain (sinus pair in maxillary region)
- headache (frontal, above the eyes)
- fever
- nasal fluid can enter pharynx
how can sinusitis be treated
depending on the cause :
1. antibiotic
2. anti viral
3. anti allergic
4. decongestant
what are the causes of otitis media (inflammation of middle ear)
- infection (bacterial or viral)
- allergic
- blockage of Eustachian tube
- nutritional deficiency
- common in children because of horizontal and narrow tube
what are the symptoms of otitis media
- earache
- deafness
- Tinnitus
- irritability
- headache
- change in sleeping and appetite
- fever
- hearing and speaking deficiency
- fullness in ear
which device is used to detect otitis media
otoscope or auriscope
how can otitis media be treated?
- self treated in 3-4 days
- antibiotic
- painkillers
- surgically through a tube
what are the causes of pneumonia (inflammation of alveolar walls- fluid in alveolar sac)
- bacteria (Streptococcus pneumonia/pneumococcus or mycoplasma pneumonia) - enters through mouth
- viral
- dry/hot/cold air
what are the symptoms of pneumonia
- rapid breathing
- rapid pulse
- dry cough
- muscle pain
- headache
- fever
(if nausea vomiting, rash, loss of taste also present then caused by a virus/corona)
treatment of pneumonia
- antibiotic
- rest
- drinking fluids
- antipyretic (to reduce fever)
risk factors associated w pneumonia
- empyema (pus in pleural cavity)
- Hyponatremia (low sodium in blood)
- pleural effusion (fluid around lungs)
prevention of tb
- BCG vaccine
- isolation of infected person as it’s contagious/ prevent overcrowding
- pasteurized milk!
treatment of tb
- antibiotic ( isoniazid, rifampin)
- boiled milk/apples good diet
symptoms of tb
- initially asymptomatic
- chronic cough
- sputum is rusty
- chest pain
- change in appetite
- weight loss
- night sweating
cause of tb
bacterial infection in lungs(alveoli) by mycobacterium TB
is contagious
- macrophages present in alveoli do phagocytosis, unable to digest form a phagosome around bacteria where it replicates.
cause of emphysema (shortness of breathing)
🚬 which damages bronchi/bronchiole and alveoli. Results from bronchial constriction —> loss of elasticity, so less oxygenated blood
2. air pollution, chemical fumes and dust
The permanent and irreversible destruction of alveoli
symptoms of emphysema and treatment
- chronic coughing
- fatigue
- cyanosis (blue skin due to lack O2)
- shortness of breath
- Enlarged alveoli and fewer capillaries
No cure for emphysema
- bronchodilators can relax muscle around airways and open airways to make breathing easier
- oxygen therapy
which cancer is the most common and its causes
lung cancer
1. smoking
2. pollution
3. radiation
4. asbestos exposure (construction materials like cement)
symptoms of lung cancer
- chronic cough
- coughing blood
- shortness of breath
- insomnia
treatment of lung cancer
- chemotherapy
- radiation
- surgery
effect of smoking on lungs
irritation in trachea, windpipe, voice box
so effect on voice
reduced function of lungs:
- swelling of lungs, narrowing of airways, loss of elasticity
- shortness of breath difficulty in breathing, breathlessness
- permanently damages air sacs
- More than 10 compounds of tar of tobacco smoke are involved to cause cancer
In man the O2 is liberated from hemoglobin when the pressure in ml of Hg in cells or tissues falls below
50 because
O2 is liberated from Hb at rest condition at 40mm of Hg while at exercise condition O2 liberated from Hg at 18mm of Hg
Which part of the air passage way possesses cartilage plates in its walls?
proximal region of bronchi
Distal end is close to bronchiole, so without cartilage plates.
In plasma 100ml of venous blood will have oxygen:
100ml of venous blood plasma has 0.12ml of dissolved O2 at 40mm of Hg.
what is the chest cavity/thoracic composed of
intercoastal muscles and ribs
The venous blood that leaves an active tissue has only oxygen:
4.4 ml
Arterial Blood – Venous Blood
19.4ml O2 – 15ml O2 = 4.4ml O2
In plasma 100ml of arterial blood will have oxygen:
0.29 ml O2
100ml of arterial blood plasma carries 0.29ml O2 at 95mm of Hg.
If air is introduced in the pleural cavity, the lung collapses, a situation known as:
Pneumothorax
Our normal oxygen intake per minute amounts to
250 ml
5000 × (5%) ÷ 100 = 250 → 5L air has 5% O2 intake
Rate of oxygen consumption is estimated by using:
Spirometer
The size of thorax as a whole after relaxation of diaphragm
decreases
The respiratory pigment in mollusks is
Hemocyanin
the resp pigment in marine animals
Haemoerythrin
resp pigm in annelids
chlorocruorin
The breathing centre; ventral portion controls inspiration while expiration will be control by
Dorsal and lateral portion
Break down of alveoli causes
emphysema
Emphysema causes bronchi to be damaged and narrowed and destroy wall of alveoli resulting in loss of surface area available for the exchange of oxygen and carbondioxide during breathing.
During exercise 100 ml of venous blood contains _____ ml of O2
15
what colors do respiratory pigments have when deoxygenated
Hemoglobin = Dark red
Hemocyanin = Colourless
Chlorocruorin = Colourless
no. of amino acids in each polypeptide chain of hb
Hemoglobin has 4 polypeptide chains
* α chain → 141 amino acids
* β chain → 146 amino acids
Special bicarbonate chloride carrier protein is _______ Protein
Antiporter protein is membrane protein that transports two molecules at the same time in opposite direction
what are the percentages of types of tb diagnosed
→ 85% patients develop disease in lung.
→ while 15% develop distance in an organ other than lung such as lymph nodes, GI tract, bones and joints
Carbonic anhydrase require _________ For its activity
Zn+2 ions coordinated by three histidine ligand and water, and becomes active
Oxygenated colour of respiratory pigment
Hemocyanin = Blue
Chlorocruorin = Green
Haemoerythrin = Violet to Pink
Acute sinusitis lasts for
2-8 weeks
Right lung is ___________ % larger than the left one
30%
Lungs of an adult has weight of
1.3 kg
During voluntary respiration impulse originate from
cerebrum
f the average breathing rate is 15 breaths per minute and the tidal volume is 0.5 L, the ventilation rate will be
7.5 L/min
Lung cells are
Pneumocytes
Surgery of eardrum is called and the tubes used is
Tympanostomy and Myringotomy
Grommets Tympanostomy tube
what type of muscle does the diaphragm act as
piston
_______ strains of streptococcus pneumonia causes pneumonia
90
adult vs child breathing rate
child ; 25/min
adult : 12-16/min
In most birds air sacs are ____ in number
9
Respiratory distress syndrome is common especially for infants
Less than 7 month
Arterial blood contains _____ of CO2 per 100ml of blood
50 ml
how many ribs are present in chest
11
