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biological molecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

which 6 out of 16 bio elements makes up 99% of the body and what percentages

A

CHONPS
Carbon : 18.5
hydrogen : 9.5
Oxygen : 65
Nitrogen : 3.3
Phosphorus: 0.85
Sulfur : 0.03

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2
Q

what is the % of DNA per total body weight of bacterial cell vs mammal celll

A

b: 1%
m: 0.25

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3
Q

what is meant by anabolic reaction

A

energy is stored
small molecules join together to form a larger one
for ex. condensation

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4
Q

what is meant by catabolic reaction

A

energy is released
large molecules breaks down to 2 smaller ones
for ex. hydrolysis

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5
Q

which attractive force is due to hydrogen bond

A

cohesive since it’s bw water molecules. cant be adhesive as that is the force bw water & walls of container

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6
Q

what is the normal freezing point of water

A

4 C or below

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7
Q

what are the bp and fp of water in the absence of hydrogen bonds

A

b.p : -80 C
f.p : - 100 C

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8
Q

what is the specific heat capacity of water

A

4.18 J

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9
Q

value of heat of vaporization of energy

A

574 calories per gram

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10
Q

what is meant by hydrophobic exclusion

A

reduction of the contact area between water and the hydrophobic substance

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11
Q

what is the biological significance of hydrophobic exclusion

A

integrity of the phospholipid bilayer and globular proteins is maintained

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12
Q

why does water ionize less at 25 C

A

due to strong polar covalent bond

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13
Q

how much water ionizes at eqb (25 C) (reaction is irreversible at this point)

A

10^-7 mole/liter
5-25 molecules out of 10,000

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14
Q

why does ice have an insulator layer /expands at lower temp

A

more stronger & permanent hydrogen bonds are formed
gets a hexagonal shape due to low k.e
ice is less dense than water do it floats and provides a living environment for aquatic animals

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15
Q

what are carbohydrates

A

hydrated carbons
polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone

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16
Q

what are the minimum requirements to be a carb

A
  • must have at least 3 carbons
  • 2 OH groups
  • either an aldehyde or ketone functional group
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17
Q

what is the simplest aldehyde called (HCOH)

A

formaldehyde

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18
Q

what is the simplest carb w aldehyde group called

A

glyceraldehyde

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19
Q

what is the simplest carb with ketone group called

A

dihydroxyacetone
DHA

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20
Q

what happens when a dry monosaccharide (straight) is placed in water

A

forms a ring. carbon no.1 attached to 2nd last carbon by O
alpha : downward
beta : upward

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21
Q

max no. of carbons a monosaccharide could have
(complex monosaccharide)

A

7 - heptose

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22
Q

the most common monosaccharide

A

hexose - 6

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23
Q

differentiate between the two enantiomers of carbohydrates
(hydroxyl group on penultimate carbon)

A

L = left handed (mostly artificial sweeteners which are not digestible as no enzyme in the body is present)
D = right handed (natural - digestible in human as enzymes present in stomach)

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24
Q

solubility of alpha vs beta

A
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25
Q

what is meant by oligosaccharide

A

sugar made up of a few units (2-10 units)
a disaccharide is a good example of this

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26
Q

composition and bond of sucrose

A

alpha glucose + beta fructose
a-1,2 glycosidic

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27
Q

comp and and bond of maltose

A

a glucose + a glucose
a - 1,4 glycosidic

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28
Q

comp and bond of lactose

A

a galactose + b glucose
b-1,4 glycosidic

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29
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

those carbohydrates that yield more than 10 monosaccharides. largest group of carbs

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30
Q

what are homopolysaccharides

A

composed by the condensation of only one kind of monosaccharide (starch,glycogen,glucose chitin)

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31
Q

define biochemistry

A

a branch of Biology, which deals with the study of chemical components and
the chemical processes in living organisms

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32
Q

which orgnanic molecule is most abundant and most abundant in nature

A
  1. protein
  2. catb (cellulose, then chitin)
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33
Q

chemical composition of water in bacterial vs mammalian cell

A

b : 70
m: 17

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34
Q

chemical composition of Proteins in bacterial vs mammalian cell

A

b : 15
m : 18

35
Q

chemical composition of carbs in bacterial vs mammalian cell

A

b : 3
m : 4

36
Q

chemical composition of lipids in bacterial vs mammalian cell

A

b : 2
m : 3

37
Q

what is the % of RNA per total body weight of bacterial cell vs mammal cell

A

b: 6
m: 1.1

38
Q

what is the % of Other organic molecules
(Enzymes, hormones,
metabolites) per total body weight of bacterial cell vs mammal cell

A

b : 2
c : 2

39
Q

what is the % of Inorganic ions(Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++Cl-, SO4– etc)per total body weight of bacterial cell vs mammal cell

A

b and m both 1%

40
Q

what is catenation

A

the property of carbon to form long chains

41
Q

give an exaple of a pentose

A

ribose, ring form in solution is called ribofuranose

42
Q

how much % sugar is present in grapes

A

27

43
Q

how much glucose is present in our blood

A

100 mg in 100 mL
0.08%

44
Q

how do dissachrides differ from monosaccharides

A

they are less soluble and less sweet

45
Q

function and structure of starch

A

storage
- amylose (soluble in hot water, unbranched, a 1,4-gly)
- amylopectin (insoluble,branched a1,6-glyc)

46
Q

function and structure of chitin

A
  • 2nd most abdundant org molecule
  • found in cell wall of fungi and exoskeleton of arthropods
  • unbranched, linked by b1,4-glyc
  • monomers are N-acetyl glucosamine (deritave of glucose)
47
Q

function and structure of cellulose

A
  • most abundant carb
  • unbranched b1,4-glyc bonds between many b glucose
  • cotton and paper are pure forms of cellulose
  • only digested by bactera, yeast, protoza due to cellulase enzyme
48
Q

function and structure of glycogen

A
  • gives red color w iodine
  • more branched than amylopectin
  • made of alpha glucose
  • mainly stored in muscles and liver
  • 1,4 and 1,6 glucose
49
Q

define lipids

A

esters of fatty acids with glycerol or alcohol & their derivaties

50
Q

properties & molecular structure of acylglycerol/tryglycerides

A

fatty aid & glycerol (max of 3 fatty acids can be attached)
- hydrophobic
- solvent in organic compounds
- energy reserve
- insulator
- blubber - provides bouyancy for whales
- metabolic source of water
- located mainly in dermis of skin and around kidneys in humans

51
Q

properties and molecular structure of phospholipids

A
  • glycerol attached to 2 fatty acids and on phospahte head
  • hydrophobic tail and hydrophillic head
  • forms cell membrane in a double layer
52
Q

properties and molecular struc of terpenoids

A
  • do not contain fatty acids or glycerol
  • made up of isoprenoid units (5c)
  • are hydrophobic
  • 2 isoprenoid units make up a monoterpene
53
Q

describe the roles of steroids and prostaglandins in living
organisms

A

steroids : cholestrol is a precursor for a large no. of steroids sex hormones, bile acids,vitamin D. also regulates fluidity of cell membrane during temp changes.

prostaglandins : functions vary depending on mammalian tissue. local hormones. blood pressure, immune system- causes fever, inflammation and pain, aggregation of platalets in blood clots

54
Q

properties of waxes

A
  • highly hydrophobic
  • simple lipids long chain of fatty acid and alcahol
  • have protective functions in plants and animals. some insects secrete
  • waterproof, acts as a barrier
  • chemically inert
  • resitant to atm oxidation
    synthetic waxes drived from petroleum or polyethene (paraffin wax)
55
Q

as the no. of Carbons increase in the aliphatic R group of fatty acid, what else increases

A

solubility, m.p, hydrophobic nature

56
Q

how many classes of amino acids are there? and which

A

5
non polar : 6
polar :6
aromatic : 3
+ : 3
- : 2
among these 9 are essential and 11 are non essential

57
Q

peptide bond is bw

A

C and N

58
Q

differentiate between nucleotide and nucleoside

A

nucleotide without phosphate

59
Q

how is a coenzyme formed?

A

dinucleotide + vitamin

60
Q

define conjugated molecules

A

molecules when joined by other kinds of molecules

61
Q

examples of presence of glycolipids

A

white mtter of brain, mylean sheath, nerve fibers, chloroplast membrane

62
Q

examples of presence of glycoproteins

A

hormones, transport proteins, antigens in blood, structural proteins and receptors

63
Q

examples of presence of lipoproteins

A

milk,blood, cell nucleus, egg yolk membrane,chloroplasts

64
Q

examples of presence of nucleoproteins

A

chromosome for dna
ribosome for rna

65
Q

Combination of two different functional group monosaccharide by condensation make

A

Sucrose
as Lactose = glucose + galactose ] → have same functional grp aldehyde
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
=> Glucose has aldehyde
=> Fructose has ketone

66
Q

Amino acid tyrosine belong to

A

Aromatic
TTT

67
Q

If total numbers of amino acids in a protein are 60 and the molecule is made up of 4 chains what will be the possible numbers of peptide bonds

A

56
=> No of amino acids – No of chains = 60 – 4 = 56 bonds
Bcz => 1 bond between 2 amino acid

68
Q

4-fused rings of 17 carbons contain CH3 as functional group the steroid is used as

A

sex hormone - testosterone

69
Q

The human body breaks beta-molecule to form two molecules of

A

when we beak b carotene we get vitamin A

70
Q

what configuration do amino acids have

A

L

71
Q

Amino acid in which R-group is hydrogen is:

A

glycine

72
Q

Water has characteristics of

A

amphoteric

73
Q

Protoplasm of living cell can survive, if its water contents upto:

A

10%

74
Q

Skeleton of Organic molecules is

A

c-c
Organic Compounds have C-C chains due to catenation So it’s skeleton of Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules. Functional groups combine with the chain to form biomolecules.

75
Q

The organic biomolecules that exhibit maximum physiological diversity in living beings are

A

Proteins perform variety of function in living beings. No other biomolecule perform such diverse roles as played by proteins.

76
Q

One chain of insulin consists of _______ amino acids and the other has _____ amino acids

A

Short chain of insulin protein consist of 51 amino acids in two chains i.e. a chain of 21 amino acids attached by means of Disulphide bonds with a chain of 30 amino acids. Such straight chain of amino acids represent the primary structure of insulin protein. It was the first ever instance of the determination of number and sequence of amino acids in a protein. However a finished molecule of insulin stands at quaternary level

77
Q

the chitinous exoskeleton of arthopods is formed by the polymerization of

A

N-acetyl glucosamine

78
Q

sucrose is a ——- sugar

A

non reducing

79
Q

what is the most abundant protein in animals

A

collagen
30% of total body proteins

80
Q

which mineral is associated with cytochrome

A

Cu

81
Q

how many carbon atoms are present inside the ring of fructose

A

4
(2 on the outside, 1st and 6th)

82
Q

which sugar is the sweetest

A

fructose

83
Q

what percentage of water is found in brain cells

A

85%

BIO (17 decks)

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