biological molecules Flashcards
which 6 out of 16 bio elements makes up 99% of the body and what percentages
CHONPS
Carbon : 18.5
hydrogen : 9.5
Oxygen : 65
Nitrogen : 3.3
Phosphorus: 0.85
Sulfur : 0.03
what is the % of DNA per total body weight of bacterial cell vs mammal celll
b: 1%
m: 0.25
what is meant by anabolic reaction
energy is stored
small molecules join together to form a larger one
for ex. condensation
what is meant by catabolic reaction
energy is released
large molecules breaks down to 2 smaller ones
for ex. hydrolysis
which attractive force is due to hydrogen bond
cohesive since it’s bw water molecules. cant be adhesive as that is the force bw water & walls of container
what is the normal freezing point of water
4 C or below
what are the bp and fp of water in the absence of hydrogen bonds
b.p : -80 C
f.p : - 100 C
what is the specific heat capacity of water
4.18 J
value of heat of vaporization of energy
574 calories per gram
what is meant by hydrophobic exclusion
reduction of the contact area between water and the hydrophobic substance
what is the biological significance of hydrophobic exclusion
integrity of the phospholipid bilayer and globular proteins is maintained
why does water ionize less at 25 C
due to strong polar covalent bond
how much water ionizes at eqb (25 C) (reaction is irreversible at this point)
10^-7 mole/liter
5-25 molecules out of 10,000
why does ice have an insulator layer /expands at lower temp
more stronger & permanent hydrogen bonds are formed
gets a hexagonal shape due to low k.e
ice is less dense than water do it floats and provides a living environment for aquatic animals
what are carbohydrates
hydrated carbons
polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone
what are the minimum requirements to be a carb
- must have at least 3 carbons
- 2 OH groups
- either an aldehyde or ketone functional group
what is the simplest aldehyde called (HCOH)
formaldehyde
what is the simplest carb w aldehyde group called
glyceraldehyde
what is the simplest carb with ketone group called
dihydroxyacetone
DHA
what happens when a dry monosaccharide (straight) is placed in water
forms a ring. carbon no.1 attached to 2nd last carbon by O
alpha : downward
beta : upward
max no. of carbons a monosaccharide could have
(complex monosaccharide)
7 - heptose
the most common monosaccharide
hexose - 6
differentiate between the two enantiomers of carbohydrates
(hydroxyl group on penultimate carbon)
L = left handed (mostly artificial sweeteners which are not digestible as no enzyme in the body is present)
D = right handed (natural - digestible in human as enzymes present in stomach)
solubility of alpha vs beta
what is meant by oligosaccharide
sugar made up of a few units (2-10 units)
a disaccharide is a good example of this
composition and bond of sucrose
alpha glucose + beta fructose
a-1,2 glycosidic
comp and and bond of maltose
a glucose + a glucose
a - 1,4 glycosidic
comp and bond of lactose
a galactose + b glucose
b-1,4 glycosidic
what are polysaccharides
those carbohydrates that yield more than 10 monosaccharides. largest group of carbs
what are homopolysaccharides
composed by the condensation of only one kind of monosaccharide (starch,glycogen,glucose chitin)
define biochemistry
a branch of Biology, which deals with the study of chemical components and
the chemical processes in living organisms
which orgnanic molecule is most abundant and most abundant in nature
- protein
- catb (cellulose, then chitin)
chemical composition of water in bacterial vs mammalian cell
b : 70
m: 17
chemical composition of Proteins in bacterial vs mammalian cell
b : 15
m : 18
chemical composition of carbs in bacterial vs mammalian cell
b : 3
m : 4
chemical composition of lipids in bacterial vs mammalian cell
b : 2
m : 3
what is the % of RNA per total body weight of bacterial cell vs mammal cell
b: 6
m: 1.1
what is the % of Other organic molecules
(Enzymes, hormones,
metabolites) per total body weight of bacterial cell vs mammal cell
b : 2
c : 2
what is the % of Inorganic ions(Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++Cl-, SO4– etc)per total body weight of bacterial cell vs mammal cell
b and m both 1%
what is catenation
the property of carbon to form long chains
give an exaple of a pentose
ribose, ring form in solution is called ribofuranose
how much % sugar is present in grapes
27
how much glucose is present in our blood
100 mg in 100 mL
0.08%
how do dissachrides differ from monosaccharides
they are less soluble and less sweet
function and structure of starch
storage
- amylose (soluble in hot water, unbranched, a 1,4-gly)
- amylopectin (insoluble,branched a1,6-glyc)
function and structure of chitin
- 2nd most abdundant org molecule
- found in cell wall of fungi and exoskeleton of arthropods
- unbranched, linked by b1,4-glyc
- monomers are N-acetyl glucosamine (deritave of glucose)
function and structure of cellulose
- most abundant carb
- unbranched b1,4-glyc bonds between many b glucose
- cotton and paper are pure forms of cellulose
- only digested by bactera, yeast, protoza due to cellulase enzyme
function and structure of glycogen
- gives red color w iodine
- more branched than amylopectin
- made of alpha glucose
- mainly stored in muscles and liver
- 1,4 and 1,6 glucose
define lipids
esters of fatty acids with glycerol or alcohol & their derivaties
properties & molecular structure of acylglycerol/tryglycerides
fatty aid & glycerol (max of 3 fatty acids can be attached)
- hydrophobic
- solvent in organic compounds
- energy reserve
- insulator
- blubber - provides bouyancy for whales
- metabolic source of water
- located mainly in dermis of skin and around kidneys in humans
properties and molecular structure of phospholipids
- glycerol attached to 2 fatty acids and on phospahte head
- hydrophobic tail and hydrophillic head
- forms cell membrane in a double layer
properties and molecular struc of terpenoids
- do not contain fatty acids or glycerol
- made up of isoprenoid units (5c)
- are hydrophobic
- 2 isoprenoid units make up a monoterpene
describe the roles of steroids and prostaglandins in living
organisms
steroids : cholestrol is a precursor for a large no. of steroids sex hormones, bile acids,vitamin D. also regulates fluidity of cell membrane during temp changes.
prostaglandins : functions vary depending on mammalian tissue. local hormones. blood pressure, immune system- causes fever, inflammation and pain, aggregation of platalets in blood clots
properties of waxes
- highly hydrophobic
- simple lipids long chain of fatty acid and alcahol
- have protective functions in plants and animals. some insects secrete
- waterproof, acts as a barrier
- chemically inert
- resitant to atm oxidation
synthetic waxes drived from petroleum or polyethene (paraffin wax)
as the no. of Carbons increase in the aliphatic R group of fatty acid, what else increases
solubility, m.p, hydrophobic nature
how many classes of amino acids are there? and which
5
non polar : 6
polar :6
aromatic : 3
+ : 3
- : 2
among these 9 are essential and 11 are non essential
peptide bond is bw
C and N
differentiate between nucleotide and nucleoside
nucleotide without phosphate
how is a coenzyme formed?
dinucleotide + vitamin
define conjugated molecules
molecules when joined by other kinds of molecules
examples of presence of glycolipids
white mtter of brain, mylean sheath, nerve fibers, chloroplast membrane
examples of presence of glycoproteins
hormones, transport proteins, antigens in blood, structural proteins and receptors
examples of presence of lipoproteins
milk,blood, cell nucleus, egg yolk membrane,chloroplasts
examples of presence of nucleoproteins
chromosome for dna
ribosome for rna
Combination of two different functional group monosaccharide by condensation make
Sucrose
as Lactose = glucose + galactose ] → have same functional grp aldehyde
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
=> Glucose has aldehyde
=> Fructose has ketone
Amino acid tyrosine belong to
Aromatic
TTT
If total numbers of amino acids in a protein are 60 and the molecule is made up of 4 chains what will be the possible numbers of peptide bonds
56
=> No of amino acids – No of chains = 60 – 4 = 56 bonds
Bcz => 1 bond between 2 amino acid
4-fused rings of 17 carbons contain CH3 as functional group the steroid is used as
sex hormone - testosterone
The human body breaks beta-molecule to form two molecules of
when we beak b carotene we get vitamin A
what configuration do amino acids have
L
Amino acid in which R-group is hydrogen is:
glycine
Water has characteristics of
amphoteric
Protoplasm of living cell can survive, if its water contents upto:
10%
Skeleton of Organic molecules is
c-c
Organic Compounds have C-C chains due to catenation So it’s skeleton of Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules. Functional groups combine with the chain to form biomolecules.
The organic biomolecules that exhibit maximum physiological diversity in living beings are
Proteins perform variety of function in living beings. No other biomolecule perform such diverse roles as played by proteins.
One chain of insulin consists of _______ amino acids and the other has _____ amino acids
Short chain of insulin protein consist of 51 amino acids in two chains i.e. a chain of 21 amino acids attached by means of Disulphide bonds with a chain of 30 amino acids. Such straight chain of amino acids represent the primary structure of insulin protein. It was the first ever instance of the determination of number and sequence of amino acids in a protein. However a finished molecule of insulin stands at quaternary level
the chitinous exoskeleton of arthopods is formed by the polymerization of
N-acetyl glucosamine
sucrose is a ——- sugar
non reducing
what is the most abundant protein in animals
collagen
30% of total body proteins
which mineral is associated with cytochrome
Cu
how many carbon atoms are present inside the ring of fructose
4
(2 on the outside, 1st and 6th)
which sugar is the sweetest
fructose
what percentage of water is found in brain cells
85%
