external factors(material deprivation) Flashcards
external explanations for class-based differences in education:
- material deprivation
- parental attitudes (cultural deprivation)
- speech codes
- cultural capital
material deprivation- what is it?
inability to afford basic resources, which can impact a pupil’s educational achievement.
-means pupils are unable to afford things like sufficient food, heating or clothing and educational resources= likely to affect educational performance + lead to underachievement
example of material deprivation
they may lack nutritious food, which might lead to poor focus in lessons, illness absences in school= fall behind
-may live in overcrowded house + lack space to study , other may lack revision resources, internet access
impact of material deprivation= Washbrook and Waldfogel (2010) found that how much percent of the difference in scores between 5 year olds from middle-income and low income families was explained by material deprivation?
31%
Hirsch(2007)
advantages that wealthier students have
-more likely to have structured out-of-school activities such as sports or music lessons for students to learn particular skills + gave greater confidence in school to achieve higher grades
-more space (such as their own bedroom)
-more likely to benefit from private education
Hirsch - the quality of school only has?
14% difference
smith and noble(1996)
‘barriers to learning’ that can result from low income:
high supplementary cost
(tanner et al 2003)
-high supplementary costs= for families unable to affoord school uniforms, school trips, transport to and from school, classroom materials and, in some cases=textboojs
-can lead to students being isolated, bullied , stigmatised + fall behind on schoolwork
smith and noble(1996)
‘barriers to learning’ that can result from low income:
low income
-low income reduces likelihood of a computer with internet access, a desk, educational toys, space to do homework + comfortable well-heated home
smith and noble(1996)
‘barriers to learning’ that can result from low income:
marketisation of schools
means there will be better resources, oversubscribed schools in more affluent areas, while socially disadvantaged students are concentrated in a limited number of increasingly unpopular schools
smith and noble(1996)
‘barriers to learning’ that can result from low income:
older working-class students are more likely to?
what does sociologist Reay(2005) find?
work part-time to support their studies or to have to care for younger siblings = affect attendance at school, harder to gain higher-class degrees
-Reay found that wc students were more likely to apply to local universities so they could live at home + save on travel costs = gives them less opportunity to go to highest-status univerity
free school meals
gov recognises the benefits of providing a healthy school meal to the most disadvantaged pupils
-the education act 1996 requires maintained schools + academies to provide fsm to disadvantaged pupils aged 5-16
pupil premium
pupil premium grant is funding to improve educational outcomes for disadvantaged pupils
with pupil premium schools can use this money on:
-supporting the high-quality teaching such as staff professional development
-providing targeted academic support e.g tutoring , including through the national tutoring programme
-tackling non-academic barriers to academic success, such as difficulties in attendance, behavior and social + emotional wellbeing
impact of pupil premium
-students supported by the pupil premium do exceptionally well in all years
-evaluating the impact of such funding policy difficult because of changes over time in the economy, legal definitions
Howard (2001) - diet and health (material deprivation)
notes that young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of vitamins and minerals
-poor nutrition affects health e.g weakening the immune system, lower energy levesl
cooper and Stewart (2013)
found that poorer children have worse cognitive,social-behaviour and health issues
machin(2007) behaviour of students from low income family
found children from low income families more likely to engage in ‘externalising’ behaviour (such as fighting and temper tantrums)
catchment areas
in deprived areas may have social problems- lead to poor role models for young people to imitate
-school within these areas more likely to have discipline problems
external factors- material deprivation include
housing
diet
catchment area
financial support and the costs
fear of debt
diet and health statistics
how many households with children experienced food security in septemmber 2022?
one in four households = affecting 4 million children
the guardian poor housing
children in poor housing are:
-between 1.5 and 3.5 times more likely to develop a cough
-have a 25% higher risk of severe ill-health + disability during childhood and early childhood
Ball(2005) what does he say marketisation has led to?
marketisation means those who have more money have greater choice of schools= selection by mortgage
conner et al(2001) + Forsyth and Furlong(2003) found?
introduction of tuition fes in HE puts wc children off going to university in fear of debt
the existence of private schools means the wealthy can afford a better education.
children from private schools over-represented in the best unis
evaluations of material deprivation
-too deterministic as some students from poor backgrounds do well =more accurate to say poverty disadvantages wc students makes it more difficult for them to succeed than it being a causal factor
-other differences between classes that may lead to wc underachievement. e.g those from wc backgrounds not just materially deprived but culturally deprived too
-material deprivation theorists ignore the importance of culture and internal factors
