external factors(material deprivation) Flashcards
external explanations for class-based differences in education:
- material deprivation
- parental attitudes (cultural deprivation)
- speech codes
- cultural capital
material deprivation- what is it?
inability to afford basic resources, which can impact a pupil’s educational achievement.
-means pupils are unable to afford things like sufficient food, heating or clothing and educational resources= likely to affect educational performance + lead to underachievement
example of material deprivation
they may lack nutritious food, which might lead to poor focus in lessons, illness absences in school= fall behind
-may live in overcrowded house + lack space to study , other may lack revision resources, internet access
impact of material deprivation= Washbrook and Waldfogel (2010) found that how much percent of the difference in scores between 5 year olds from middle-income and low income families was explained by material deprivation?
31%
Hirsch(2007)
advantages that wealthier students have
-more likely to have structured out-of-school activities such as sports or music lessons for students to learn particular skills + gave greater confidence in school to achieve higher grades
-more space (such as their own bedroom)
-more likely to benefit from private education
Hirsch - the quality of school only has?
14% difference
smith and noble(1996)
‘barriers to learning’ that can result from low income:
high supplementary cost
(tanner et al 2003)
-high supplementary costs= for families unable to affoord school uniforms, school trips, transport to and from school, classroom materials and, in some cases=textboojs
-can lead to students being isolated, bullied , stigmatised + fall behind on schoolwork
smith and noble(1996)
‘barriers to learning’ that can result from low income:
low income
-low income reduces likelihood of a computer with internet access, a desk, educational toys, space to do homework + comfortable well-heated home
smith and noble(1996)
‘barriers to learning’ that can result from low income:
marketisation of schools
means there will be better resources, oversubscribed schools in more affluent areas, while socially disadvantaged students are concentrated in a limited number of increasingly unpopular schools
smith and noble(1996)
‘barriers to learning’ that can result from low income:
older working-class students are more likely to?
what does sociologist Reay(2005) find?
work part-time to support their studies or to have to care for younger siblings = affect attendance at school, harder to gain higher-class degrees
-Reay found that wc students were more likely to apply to local universities so they could live at home + save on travel costs = gives them less opportunity to go to highest-status univerity
free school meals
gov recognises the benefits of providing a healthy school meal to the most disadvantaged pupils
-the education act 1996 requires maintained schools + academies to provide fsm to disadvantaged pupils aged 5-16
pupil premium
pupil premium grant is funding to improve educational outcomes for disadvantaged pupils
with pupil premium schools can use this money on:
-supporting the high-quality teaching such as staff professional development
-providing targeted academic support e.g tutoring , including through the national tutoring programme
-tackling non-academic barriers to academic success, such as difficulties in attendance, behavior and social + emotional wellbeing
impact of pupil premium
-students supported by the pupil premium do exceptionally well in all years
-evaluating the impact of such funding policy difficult because of changes over time in the economy, legal definitions
Howard (2001) - diet and health (material deprivation)
notes that young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of vitamins and minerals
-poor nutrition affects health e.g weakening the immune system, lower energy levesl