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Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy > External and Internal Structure of Stem > Flashcards

External and Internal Structure of Stem Flashcards

1
Q

GENERAL FUNCTION OF
STEM

A

Provide pathways for the:
§ Movement of water and
dissolved minerals from the
roots into the leaves
§ Food synthesized in leaves
to move into roots

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2
Q

PRIMARY FUNCTION OF
STEM

A

§ Support and orient the leaves
§ Conduct water and minerals
§ Bear flowers and fruits

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3
Q

SECONDARY FUNCTION
OF STEM

A

§ Storage
§ Perennation
§ Vegetative propagation
§ Photosynthesis
§ Protection
§ Climbing

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4
Q

EXTERNAL STEM
MORPHOLOGY

area of a stem where a leaf
or leaves are attached

A

Node

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5
Q

EXTERNAL STEM
MORPHOLOGY

the stem region
between nodes

A

Internodes

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6
Q

EXTERNAL STEM
MORPHOLOGY

a structure that has
the potential to form a lateral shoot
or branch

A

Axillary bud

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7
Q

EXTERNAL STEM
MORPHOLOGY

aka: terminal bud, is
located near the shoot tip and
causes elongation of a young shoot

A

Apical bud

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8
Q

EXTERNAL STEM
MORPHOLOGY

helps to maintain
dormancy in most non-apical buds

A

Apical Dominance

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9
Q

EXTERNAL STEM
MORPHOLOGY

structure that
permits the passage of
gas inward and outward

A

Lenticels

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10
Q

EXTERNAL STEM
MORPHOLOGY

characteristic
scar on stem axis made
by leaf abscission

A

Leaf scar

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11
Q

EXTERNAL STEM
MORPHOLOGY

small
modified leaves for
protection from
desiccation

A

Bud scales

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12
Q

EXTERNAL STEM
MORPHOLOGY

a stem’s primary
growing point. It can
either be leaf buds or
flower buds.

A

Bud

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13
Q

EXTERNAL STEM
MORPHOLOGY

scars left
from the removal of bud

A

bud scar

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14
Q

EXTERNAL STEM
MORPHOLOGY

an
immature lead of the
shoot

A

Leaf primordium

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15
Q

EXTERNAL STEM
MORPHOLOGY

portion of the
internodes above the node and it is
made up of actively dividing cells
responsible for the elongation of the
monocot stem

A

Intercalary meristem

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16
Q

SHOOT APEX AND ITS
ORGANIZATION

The outer group consisting of one or
more peripheral cell layer is known as
the ______. These cells divide
perpendicular to the surface of the
shoot apex.

A

tunica

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17
Q

SHOOT APEX AND ITS
ORGANIZATION

The ______ lies below the tunica and
initially has a single layer of cells. Its cells divide perpendicular to the
surface of the shoot apex and parallel
to the surface of the shoot apex.

A

corpus

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18
Q

SHOOT APEX AND ITS
ORGANIZATION

A shoot apical meristem is a _____-____ mass of dividing cells at the
shoot tip

A

dome-shaped

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19
Q

SHOOT APEX AND ITS
ORGANIZATION

Leaves develop from leaf primordia
along the sides of the?

A

apical meristem

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20
Q

SHOOT APEX AND ITS
ORGANIZATION

This develop from
meristematic cells left at the bases of
leaf primordia

A

Axillary buds

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21
Q

SHOOT APEX AND ITS
ORGANIZATION

Primary Meristems:

: the outermost
layer of cells. It develops into
epidermis (a primary tissue
that covers and protects all
underlying tissues, prevents
excessive water loss and
allows exchange of gases
necessary

A

§ Protoderm

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22
Q

SHOOT APEX AND ITS
ORGANIZATION

Primary Meristems:

: comprises
the greater portion of
meristematic tissue of the
shoot tip.

A

§ Ground Meristem

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23
Q

SHOOT APEX AND ITS
ORGANIZATION

Primary Meristems:
§ Primary tissues forming the
ground meristem are:

: in the very center of
stem

A

§ Pith

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24
Q

SHOOT APEX AND ITS
ORGANIZATION

§ Primary tissues forming the
ground meristem are:

: in a cylinder just
beneath the epidermis and
surrounding the vascular
tissues. Sometimes pith
and cortex are connected
by pith rays

A

§ Cortex

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25
Q

SHOOT APEX AND ITS
ORGANIZATION

Primary Meristems:

give rise
to primary vascular tissues
namely: primary phloem and
primary xylem

A

Procambium cells

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26
Q

STEM ANATOMY

are perpetually
embryonic tissue and allow for
indeterminate growth

A

MERISTEMS

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27
Q

STEM ANATOMY

are
located at the tips of roots and
shoots and at the axillary buds of
shoots. Apical meristems
elongate shoots and roots, a
process called primary growth

A

APICAL MERISTEMS

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28
Q

STEM ANATOMY

§ Stems usually undergo primary
growth which results in the
formation of primary tissues.
These include the:

A

§ Epidermis
§ Ground tissue
§ Primary vascular tissues
(primary xylem and primary
phloem)

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29
Q

This term is
applied to the part of
the stem that includes
the primary vascular
tissues, pith and pith
rays. The primary
plant body is
composed of the
above primary
tissues.

A

stele

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30
Q

outermost single
layered, covered
with cuticle, bears
multicellular hairs,
and offers protective
function

A

epidermis

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31
Q

vascular tissues? (6 items)

A

§ Phloem
§ Vascular cambium
§ Xylem
§ Cortex
§ Pith
§ Pith rays

32
Q

: conducts food

A

phloem

33
Q

produces secondary phloem and secondary
xylem

A

vasculart cambium

34
Q

conducts water and mineral salts, and gives strength to
stem

A

xylem

35
Q

stores food and in young stems, manufactures food,
strengthen and protects

A

cortex

36
Q

Stores food

A

pith

37
Q

store food, conduct water, mineral salts and food
radically

A

pith rays

38
Q

Secondary growth occurs in stems
and roots of woody plants but
rarely in?

A

leaves

39
Q

The Secondary plant body consists
of the tissues produced by the
vascular cambium and cork
cambium. Secondary growth is
characteristic of __________ and
many edicts, nut not monocots.

A

gymnosperms

40
Q

These tissue layers for the
PERIDERM

A

phellem
phellogen
pheloderm

41
Q

The outermost layer of periderm, consisting of cork
cells.

A

phellem

42
Q

immediately into the inner of perriderm, also known as the cork
cambium, consisting of
flattened dividing cells

A

phellogen

43
Q

The third layer of periderm, few cell layers
in thickness

A

pheloderm

44
Q

a cylinder of
meristematic cells one cell layer thick.
It develops from undifferentiated
parenchyma cells

A

vascular cambium

45
Q

In _____ _______, the vascular
cambium appears as a ring of initials.
The initials increase the vascular
cambium’s circumference and add
secondary xylem to the inside and
secondary phloem to the outside.

A

cross section

46
Q

this accumulates as
wood and consists of tracheid, vessel
elements (only in angiosperms) and
fibers

A

secondary xylem

47
Q

formed in the spring, has
thin cell walls to maximize water
delivery

A

early wood

48
Q

formed in late summer,
has thick-walled cells and contributes
more to stem support

A

late wood

49
Q

In _________ ______, the vascular
cambium of perennials is dormant
through winter.

A

temperate regions

50
Q

these are visible where late
and early wood meet, and can be
used to estimate a tree’s age

A

tree rings

51
Q

the analysis
of tree ring growth patterns and can
be used to study past climate
change

A

Dendrochronology

52
Q

As a tree or woody shrub ages, the
older layers of secondary xylem, the
_________, no longer transport water
and minerals.

A

heartwood

53
Q

The outer layers, known as _______,
still transport materials through the
xylem

A

sapwood

54
Q

Older secondary phloem _______ ___
and does not accumulate

A

sloughs off

55
Q

gives rise to the
secondary plant body’s protective
covering, or periderm

A

cork cambium

56
Q

consists of the cork
cambium plus the layers of cork cells it
produces

A

periderm

57
Q

consists of all the
tissues external to the
vascular cambium, including
secondary phloem and
periderm

A

bark

58
Q

in the periderm
allow for gas exchange
between living stem or root
cells and the outside air.

A

lenticels

59
Q

A plant can grow throughout
its life; this is called

A

INTERMEDIATE GROWTH

60
Q

Some plant organs cease to
grow at a certain size; this is
called

A

DETERMINATE
GROWTH

61
Q
  • complete their life
    cycle in a year or
    less

Ex: Cereals and Legumes

A

annuals

62
Q
  • require two
    growing seasons

Ex: Onion and Carrots

A

biennials

63
Q

live
for many years
Ex: Shrubs and Trees

A

perennials

64
Q

SPECIALIZED STEMS

A

RHIZOME
RUNNERS AND STOLONS
TUBERS
BULBS
CORMS
CLADOPHYLLS/PHYLLOCLADE
TENDRILS

65
Q

§ horizontal stems that grow below
ground with short internodes and
bears scale-like leaves.
§ Ex: ginger, cogon grass

A

rhizome

66
Q

horizontal stems that grow
above ground, generally along the
surface.
Ex: strawberry

A

runners

67
Q

like runners but are
produced beneath the surface of the
ground and tend to grow in different
directions but usually not horizontally.
Ex: potato

A

stolons

68
Q

a thick under ground storage stem,
usually not upright bearing outer buds
but lack protective scales.

A

tubers

69
Q

§ consist of small amount of vertical
stem and a massive quantity of thick,
fleshy storage leaves.
§ Most of them consist of concentric
rings of scales attached to a basal
plate

A

bulbs

70
Q

§ resemble bulbs but differ from them in
being composed almost entirely of
stem tissue, except for a few papery,
scalelike leaves sparsely covering the
outside.
§ Consist of one or more internodes with
at least one growing point.
§ Formed from a swollen bases of
stems

A

corms

71
Q

The entire shoot is flattened and leaf
like

A

CLADOPHYLLS/PHYLLOCLADE

72
Q

These are specialized stems in grapes
but are modified leaves or leaf parts in
plants like peas and cucumbers

A

tendrils

73
Q

a
stress-related disease that
affects sweet gum, oak, elm and
willow trees. The disease is
caused by a microorganism that
ferments the sap that seeps or
bleeds from cracks and wounds
in the bark. The result is a white,
frothy ooze that has a fermenting
odor similar to beer.

A

White Flux or Alcoholic flux

74
Q

Filled with nutrients and
minerals, ___ is the blood of
a tree. It carries energy out into
the branches when new buds are
forming in spring-time.

A

sap

75
Q

Because sap is like the engine that keeps nourishing
ingredients running throughout the tree, small amounts
of sap may ooze all year from pines. Usually that happens after
they’re ____, when they begin budding or as the seasons
change. Typically, you’ll see the most sap flow in spring and
early summer.

A

pruned

76
Q

The pine produces excessive amounts of sap to protect itself against
the?

A

bark beetle

Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy (14 decks)

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