Concepts in Pharmaceutical Botany Flashcards
study of plants in relation to pharmacy practice
PHARMACEUTICAL BOTANY
“the interdisciplinary scientific exploration of the biologically active agents that are traditionally employed”
Ethnopharmacology
____, _____, and _____ are among the natural
products that have been the basis in the treatment of
many diseases for centuries
Plants, animals and minerals
The majority of the natural sources whose active
compounds are currently employed actually has an _________ ___
ethnomedical use
HOW DO WE LOOK
FOR LIFE?
- Metabolism
- Nonrandom organization must be present
- Growth must occur
- reproduction must exist
Plant metabolism is based on the
principles of _____ and _____.
chemistry and physics
Plants must have a means of?
storing and using information
_______ _____, passing their
genes and information on to their
descendants.
Plants reproduce
_______, and the information they contain, change.
Genes
Plants must ______ in their own environment.
survive
Plants are highly _______ ________.
integrated organisms
An individual plant is the temporary result of the?
interaction of genes and environment
Scientific Method
- observation
- question
- hypothesis
- result
- conclusion
All accepted information can be derived only from
carefully ______ and _______ _________ or _________.
documented and controlled observations or
experiments
Claims emanating from deities, priests, prophets, and
revelations ________ __ _______ ________ ; they
must be subjected to verification and proof.
cannot be accepted automatically
This separates science from ________.
religion
Only ________ and objects that can be observed and
studied are dealt with; claims of supernatural forces
that cannot be seen or physically felt or tested must be
________.
- phenomena
- rejected
All proposed explanations of natural phenomena must
be tested and verified; if they cannot be tested by
currently available means, they must be viewed with
__________.
skepticism
Many things cannot yet be explained, but _________
assume that someday we will have __________ to
observe and measure the mechanisms behind such
phenomena.
- scientists
- instruments
Life on Earth began about __ ______ years ago. At first, living organisms were simple, like present-day bacteria, in both their metabolism and structure.
3.5 billion
Over thousands of
millions of years cells gradually
increased in complexity through _________
by natural selection.
evolution
As organisms reproduce, their
offspring differ slightly from
each other in their features—
they are ___ _______.
not identical
Offspring with features that
make them poorly adapted to
the habitat probably do not
grow well and reproduce _____
if they live long enough to
become mature.
poorly
Offspring with features that cause them to be ____-_______ grow well and reproduce abundantly, passing on the beneficial features to their own offspring. This is called _______ _________.
- well-adapted
- natural selection
New features come about periodically by _________, and _______ _________ determines which new features are eliminated and which are passed on to future
generations.
- mutations
- natural selection
More than ________ species of plants exist today.
400,000
An unknown number of species, perhaps also several
hundred thousand, existed at one time but have become _______.
extinct
For any particular aspect of the environment, many types
of ________ are possible.
adaptation
There is not one ______, _________, _______ adaptation.
- single
- exclusive
- perfect
Mutations that cause leaves to drop in autumn and
mutations that cause bark to develop on all exposed parts of the stem reduce the surface area through which water is lost; such mutations are ___________ in this environment and many species have these adaptations.
advantageous
