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Russia In Revolution > Extent of change in Russia, 1881-94 > Flashcards

Extent of change in Russia, 1881-94 Flashcards

1
Q

Who was Alex II?

A

Tsar of Russia from 1855-81

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2
Q

What was important about Alex II’s reign?

A

introduced important reforms: emancipation of the serfs in 1861

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3
Q

What were serfs?

A

Agricultural labourers bound under the feudal system to work on his lord’s estate in Russia

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4
Q

When was Alex II assassinated?

A

March 13th 1881

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5
Q

Who took over from Alex II?

A

Alex III

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6
Q

What was different about Alex III’s reign to his fathers?

A

Halted Alex II reforms and reversed many of the reforms.

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7
Q

Why did Alex III reverse many of the reforms?

A

He directly linked Alex II assassination to his reforms - he argued they encouraged radicalism, which threatened the existence of the Tsarist system - Alex launched campaign of repression - thousands arrested in 1881

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8
Q

Who was Alex III influenced by?

A

Konstantin Pobedonostev

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9
Q

What was Pobedonostev’s famous slogan?

A

‘Autocracy, Orthodoxy and Nationality’

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10
Q

define Autocracy:

A

a system of government by one person with absolute power.

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11
Q

Why was Alex III very powerful?

A

he was closely tied with Pobedonostev was was Chief Procurator of the Holy Synod - gave him control over Russian Orthodox Church

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12
Q

How did Alex III secure his power? (7 points)

A
  • reforming ministers e.g. Loris Melikov forced to resign
  • Manifesto introduced - emphasised absolute political power for Tsar
  • ‘Statute of State Security’ law passed
  • Press Freedoms restricted - 14 major newspapers banned from 82-89
  • Foreign books and newspapers censored
  • Okhrana became powerful and feared
  • University fees increased - prevent poor getting education
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13
Q

What was the ‘Statute of State Security’ law?

A

1881 - established government-controlled courts. Suspects could be put on trial without jury

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14
Q

What was the Okhrana?

A

was a secret police force of the Russian Empire, formed to combat political terrorism and left-wing revolutionary activity

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15
Q

Why did Repression increase yet again in 1887?

A

failed assassination in March 87 - makes him pissed off

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16
Q

What were introduced in 1889 to help rule Russia?

A

Land Captains

17
Q

What were Land Captains?

A
  • appointed directly by minister of interior

- they appointed land elders who had power to fine and arrest peasants

18
Q

What was the Zemstva?

A

was a form of local government that was instituted during the great liberal reforms performed in Imperial Russia by Alexander II of Russia

19
Q

How did Alex III reduce the Zemstva’s power?

A
  • subordinating zemstva to the governors. Their consent was necessary for every decision
  • only landed classes could vote people onto zemstva
20
Q

What was russification?

A

Russification is a form of cultural assimilation process during which non-Russian communities give up (whether voluntarily or not) their culture and language in favor of the Russian one.

21
Q

What were the reasons for Alex III strengthening Russification?

A
  • 55% of Empires population that was made up of nationalities
  • If you take away their culture, religion, language et. You take away their identity
  • Have Homogenous population - population more in common - less likely to revolt
22
Q

What was the main aim of Russification?

A

Cultural Hegemony - total control of culture - purpose of Russification - Russian Hegemony over all over cultures

23
Q

define Hegemony:

A

leadership or dominance, esp. by one country or social group over others.

24
Q

define Homogenous:

A

things of a similar kind

25
Q

How did Alex III strengthen Russification?

A
  • Made Russian official language of Empire in 1885
  • all other languages banned in schools
  • Jews were heavily persecuted - experienced vicious pogroms
26
Q

define pogroms:

A

an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.

27
Q

How did Alex III economically modernize Russia?

A
  • appointed Nikolai Bunge and Ivan Vyshnegradsy
28
Q

What did Nikolai Bunge do?

A
  • Became Finance Minister in 81
  • 82 reduced taxes for peasants
  • Established Peasant Land Bank - Provide financial support to the peasants - allow them to increase size of their farms and agricultural production
29
Q

What did Ivan Vyshnegradsy do?

A
  • Became Finance Minister in 87
  • introduced incentives for peasants to move to Siberia - cheaper land
  • encouraged other countries to loan Russia money for economic modernisation
30
Q

What major event happened during 91-92?

A

major famine - 1.5-2m people died

Russia In Revolution (24 decks)

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