exsc 460 exam 2 Flashcards
anterior line of gravity passes through what?
anterior superior iliac spine
bisects the knee
bisects the ankle
foot at the second toe
bones in the hindfoot
talus and calcaneus
hindfoot joint
subtalar or talocalcaneal joint
function of hindfoot
conversion of rotatory forces of the lower extremity
movements of hindfoot
gliding and rotation
pronation and supination
bones in the midfoot
navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms
midfoot joint
transtarsal joint
function of midfoot
transmits movement from rearfoot to forefoot and promotes stability
2 axis’ of the midfoot
oblique and longitudinal
when subtalar joint pronates,
transtarsal planes become parallel and foot becomes flexible
as subtalar joint supinates,
transtarsal planes converge medially and foot becomes rigid and lever-like
bones in forefoot
metatarsals and phalanges
name the 2 functions of the feet
support: stability for upright posture with minimal muscle effort, flexibility to adapt to uneven terrain
locomotion: rotation of tibia and fibula during gait, flexibility for shock absorption during gait, rigid lever during push-off
function of the arches
absorb and distribute GRF produced by body during ambulation or static erect posture
assist ambulation by increasing speed and agility
longitudinal arch
may be divided into medial and lateral
Feiss’ line used during assesment: line drawn from inferior tip of medial malleolus to plantar surface of first metatarsal phalangeal joint. navicular tuberosity
Hallux Valgus
big toe deviates away from midline of body and toward midline of foot
metatarsus primus varus
etiology of hallux valgus
mal foot posture, pronated or flat foot forefoot varus tight shoes hereditary abnormal mechanics during 1st phase of gait arthritis
pathological changes of hallux valgus
abnormal excess stress on medial aspect of head of 1st metatarsal callus formation bursitis exostosis bunion formation severe loss of plantar flexion
management of hallux valgus
prevention: proper fitting shoes, properly fitting orthotics, improve ankle dorsi flexion ROM
conservative: doughnut pad, toe crests, toe splint, ice massage for inflammation and pain, exercises to strengthen flexor and extensor muscles of great toe.
surgeries to fix hallux valgus
weight bearing xray required
structural: problem is osseous
positional: problem is soft tissue
combined: requires surgical correction of bone and soft tissue
Hallux Varus
big toe deviates towards midline of body and away from midline of the foot. uncommon in the west.
etiology of hallux varus
congenital: majority of cases
acquired: idiopathic, develops spontaneously in middle age, related to chronic arthritis
Management of Hallux Varus
mild cases respond to passive stretching exercises for adductor hallucis and proper footwear.
more severe cases require surgery.
mallet toe
flexion contracture of distal phalanx