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IT110 > export_week 13 chapter 12 networks and data communications > Flashcards

export_week 13 chapter 12 networks and data communications Flashcards

1
Q

,

data

A

messages to be shared between sender and receiver

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2
Q

,

what does protocols establish ?

A

Protocols establish accurate and appropriate meaning to the

messages that are understood by both senders and receivers

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3
Q

,

is the physical connection dependent of the physical connection ?

A

▪ Physical connection that is independent of the messaging

▪ message sharing “connection” between applications at the sender

and the receiver

▪ physical connection with signaling that represents the messages

being transported

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4
Q

,

examples of the Physical connection

A

▪ Examples

▪ POTS - plain old telephone service

▪ Web servers and Web browsers

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5
Q

,

HTTP Request and Response

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imagek0ehrx-14A5C8F0F660BC90423.png

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6
Q

,

Model of a Communication

Channel

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imaged4mbrx-14A5C8FAB094DC62D62.png

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7
Q

,

what are the limitations of communication tool

A

▪ Limitation as a communication tool is the varying

message length

▪ Long messages could tie up a communication channel indefinitely creating problems for other messages that share that channel

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8
Q

,

what are the packets ?

A
  • A group of related packets make up a single

message

▪ Consist of data encapsulated by the packet

header which contains information about the

packet

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9
Q

,

what are the packets used ?

A

▪ Used to solve problems of channel availability and maximum utilization

▪ Equivalent to an envelope that contains pages of data

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10
Q

,

what is the packet Header named ?

A

▪ Also known as the preamble

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11
Q

,

what does the packet header contain?

A

▪ Contains

  • Description of the packet
  • Destination address of receiver
  • Source address of sender
  • Information about the data being sent
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12
Q

,

Advantages of Packets?

A
  1. ▪ Simplifies operations and increases communications efficiency
  2. ▪ Reasonable unit for routing of data
  3. ▪ Alternative to dedicating a channel for the entire length of the message
  4. ▪ Packets from several sources can share a single channel
  5. ▪ Each sender/receiver pair appears to have a channel to itself
  6. ▪ Receiving computer can process an entire block of data instead of a character or byte at a time
  7. ▪ Simplifies synchronization of the sending and receiving systems by providing clear start and stop point
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13
Q

,

what is the communication channel ?

A

▪ The path for the message between two communicating nodes

▪ May include intermediate nodes that forward packets to the next node

▪ Interfaces at each end of the connection may be differen

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14
Q

,

what is ▪ Links?

A

▪ A segment of a communication channel

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15
Q

,

what is the bandwidth ?

A

▪ Bit rate of overall channel

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16
Q

,

what is ▪ Medium parts ?

A

▪ Guided – communications limited to a specific path

▪ Unguided – communications not limited to a specific path

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17
Q

,

A Multi-Link Channel

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/image7sz7qx-14A5C9702F52BAAF49D.png

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18
Q

,

what are the ▪ Data transmission directionality?

A

▪ Simplex – messages are carried only in one direction

▪ Half-duplex – messages are carried in both directions but only one direction at a time

▪ Full duplex – messages are simultaneously carried in both directions

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19
Q

,

what are the numbers of connections ?

A

▪ Number of connections

▪ Point-to-point

▪ Multipoint

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20
Q

,

types of signaling ?

A

▪ Digital vs. Analog

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21
Q

,

what are End node interfaces types ?

A

▪ Wired or wireless Ethernet

▪ Bluetooth, WiMax, DSL or cable link, modem, etc.

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22
Q

,

what are the types of Packet Routing ?

A
  1. Circuit switching
  2. Virtual circuit
  3. Packet switching (datagram switching )
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23
Q

,

what are the circuit switching ?

A

▪ Circuit switching

▪ Dedicated channel between source and destination for duration of connection

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24
Q

,

what are the ▪ Virtual circuit

A

Virtual circuit

▪ A channel path that is used to send

packets between two end nodes

▪ Intermediate nodes may be shared with

other channel paths

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25
Q

,

what are the packet switching ?

A

▪ Packet switching (datagram switching)

▪ Each packet is routed from node to node independently based on various criteria

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26
Q

,

End-to-end channel with many possible

paths through intermediate nodes diagram

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/selection_183-14A5C9FE5A17ACA9A06.png

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27
Q

,

Virtual Circuits in a Network diagram

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/selection_184-14A5CA0907B479F38C0.png

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28
Q

,

Connecting End

Points through Links

and Networks diagram

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/selection_185-14A5CA10D68611A3141.png

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29
Q

,

what are routers ?

A

▪ Specialized devices used to interconnect network

and pass packets from one network to another

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30
Q

,

what ARE the operations

A

When packet arrives at input port

Processor decides where packet is to be directed

A switch is set to direct the packet to the correct output

port

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31
Q

,

what are getaways and what do they do ?

A

▪ Same as routers but connect dissimilar networks

together

▪ Convert packet headers for the dissimilar network

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32
Q

,

what are the Communication Models

A

▪ TCP/IP

▪ OSI

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33
Q

,

what are the network addressing

A

▪ Network Topology

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34
Q

,

what are the types of networks ?

A
  1. Local Area Networks
  2. Backbone Networks
  3. Metropolitan Area Networks
  4. Wide Area Networks
  5. Internet Backbones and the Internet
  6. Piconets
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35
Q

,

how is the communication model is implemented ?

A

▪ Implemented as a hierarchical protocol stack

▪ Each layer of the stack at the sender node contributes information that is used by the corresponding peer layer at the

receiver node

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36
Q

,

why different protocols for ?

A

Different protocols for the different aspects of communication

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37
Q

,

17 advantages of Separating tasks and including well defined interfaces between the tasks?

A
  • Adds flexibility
  • Simplifies design of protocols
  • Permits modification or substitution of protocols without affecting unrelated tasks
  • Permits a system to select only the protocols needed for a particular application
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38
Q

,

18 TCP/IP?

A

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

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39
Q

,

what does the TCP and IP encapasses ?

A

The TCP/IP protocol suite encompasses an integrated suite of numerous protocols that work together and guide all aspects of communication.

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40
Q

,

Operation of TCP/IP Model daigram

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imagepc57qx-14A5C6629A45FFCFD66.png

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41
Q

,

Application Layer (Layer 5) what does do ?

A

▪ Layer where message is created

▪ Includes any application that provides software that

can communicate with the network layer

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42
Q

,

from what sockets are Originated ?

A

Originated with BSD UNIX

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43
Q

,

what does sockets provide ?

A
  • Provide the interface between the application layer and transport layer
  • Used by applications to i nitiate connections and to send messages through the network
  • A means for adding new protocols and keeping the network facilities current in their offerings
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44
Q

,

example for sockets ?

A

Example: SCSI over IP

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45
Q

,

what does transport layer does ?

A

▪ Provides services that support reliable end-to-end

communications

▪ Generates the final address of the destination

▪ Responsible for all end-to-end communication

facilities

▪ Packetization of the message, breaking up of the

message into packets of reasonable size takes place

at this level

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46
Q

,

where does the Packetization of the message, breaking up of the
message into packets of reasonable size takes place?

A

Transport Layer (Layer 4)

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47
Q

,

where does the Generates the final address of the destination?

A

Transport Layer (Layer 4

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48
Q

,

▪ Three different protocols of the Transport Layer (Layer 4)?

A

▪ TCP
▪ UDP

▪ SCTP

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49
Q

,

advantages of the TCP? (Transmission Control Protocol)

A

▪ Reliable delivery service
▪ Sending and receiving TCP each create a socket

▪ Control packets are used to create a full duplex connection between the sockets

▪ A single TCP service can create multiple connections that operate simultaneously by creating additional sockets as needed

▪ Routing is the responsibility of the network layer (layer 3

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50
Q

,

talk about the ▪ UDP (User Datagram Protocol)?

A

▪ Unreliable, connectionless service

▪ No acknowledgment of receipt by receiving node

▪ Example: streaming video

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51
Q

,

example of the UDP ?

A

▪ Example: streaming video

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52
Q

,

what is the SCTP ?

A

Similar to TCP but with improved fault tolerance and ability to

transport multiple messages through the same connection

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53
Q

,

what is the Logical Connection View of TCP daigram ?

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imagete8erx-14A5C7417561761BC1D.png

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54
Q

,

what is the Network layer called ?

A

▪ The TCP/IP network layer is also called the

internetworking layer or the IP layer

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55
Q

,

what is the responsible for the network layer ?

A

Responsible for the addressing and routing of packets

to their proper and final destination

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56
Q

,

traits of the network layers ?

A

▪ Unreliable, connectionless, packet switching service

  • Does not guarantee delivery nor check for errors
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57
Q

,

what are routers and getaways refereed to ?

A

Routers and gateways are sometimes referred to as
level 3 switches to indicate the level at which routing

takes place

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58
Q

,

what does the network layer do during Communications within a local network?

A
  • No routing is required because nodes are directly

addressable

▪ Physical addresses for corresponding IP addresses are looked up in a table

▪ IP appends a header with the physical address and passes the datagram to the data link layer (layer 2)

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59
Q

,

what does the network layer do Communications sent outside of the local network?

A

▪ At each intermediate node, the network layer removes the current node address and determines the next node address

▪ The new address is added to the packet and passed to the data link layer (layer 2)

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60
Q

,

what does the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) do ?

A

▪ Responsible for the reliable transmission and delivery

of packets between two adjacent nodes

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61
Q

,

what are packets called in the data link layer ?

A

n Packets at this layer are called frames

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62
Q

,

What are the 2 sub layers of the Data link layer?

A
  1. software Logical Link Control (LLC) - establish control of logical links btwn local devices on network
  2. hardware Media Access Control (MAC) - device use to control access to network medium
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63
Q

,

traits of the Software logical link control sublayer?

A
  • Error correction, flow control, retransmission, packet reconstruction and IP datagram/frame conversions
  • Numbers frames and reorders received frames to recreate the original message
  • Rarely used
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64
Q

,

what are the traits of the Hardware medium-access control sublayer?

A
  • Defines procedures for access the channel and detecting errors
  • Responsible for services such as data encoding, collision handling, synchronization, and multiplexing
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65
Q

,

what takes place at the physical layer ?

A

Layer at which communication actually takes place

consisting of a bare stream of bits

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66
Q

,

where is the physical layer implemented ?

A 
▪ Primarily implemented in hardware by a  network  
  interface controller (NIC)
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67
Q

,

in the physical layer what does the Physical access protocol includes?

A

▪ Definition of the medium
▪ Signaling method, signal parameters, carrier frequencies, lengths of pulses, synchronization and timing issues

▪ Method used to physically connect the computer to the medium

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68
Q

,

Passing a Message Through an

Intermediate Node diagram ?

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/image1n3irx-14A5C86D25F4E8764EC.png

69
Q

,

OSI Model what does it stand for ?

A

Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model was
created by the International Standards Organization

(ISO)

70
Q

,

is it important the OSI model ?

A

▪ Although a conceptually important model, OSI is not

widely accepted or used for actual communication

71
Q

,

how many layers the OSI consists of ?

A

▪ Contains seven layers instead of five

▪ The application layer in the TCP/IP model is

essentially represented by three layers in the OSI

model

▪ Application layer

▪ Presentation layer

▪ Session layer

72
Q

,

Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP diagram ?

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/image5xcbrx-14A5C8971A233C5B7A8.png

73
Q

,

what is OSI Presentation Layer Different protocols for the different aspects of communication

A

▪ Responsible for presenting data at the destination

with the same meaning and appearance as it would

have at the source

▪ Provides common data conversions and

transformations that allow systems with different

standards to communicate

74
Q

,

what does OSI Presentation Layer include ?

A

Includes services such as data compression and

restoration, encryption and decryption, data

reformatting, ASCII-Unicode conversion, etc.

75
Q

,

what does the OSI session layer establishes ?

A

▪ Establishes a dialogue between two cooperating applications or processes at the ends of the communication link

76
Q

,

what is OSI Session Layer ▪ Responsible for?

A

▪ Establishing the session between the applications

▪ Controlling the dialogue

▪ Terminating the session

77
Q

,

examples of the OSI session layer are ?

A

Examples

▪ Remote login

▪ Print spooling to remote printer

78
Q

,

TCP/IP Addressing (1)

what type of addresses used ?

A

▪ User friendly addresses

▪ URL – www.youtube.com

▪ Email – somebody@yahoo.com

▪ Printer name on the network

79
Q

,

what is the domain name ?

A

▪ Standard global domain name system provides

global scope for user friendly addresses

▪ Hierarchical system for name creation and

registration

▪ Tools for locating and identifying specific names

80
Q

,

traits of port addresses TCP/IP addressing ?

A

▪ Port Addresses (port numbers)

▪ Transport layer uses to identify the application that is to receive the message

81
Q

,

what is the length of the port addressed ?

A

▪ 16 bits in length

82
Q

,

example of the length of the port addresses ?

A

Example: port 80 is commonly used for Web services

▪ First 1024 numbers are called well-known ports because they are standard addresses specified for most common applications

83
Q

,

what is the defined port numbers are also available to ??

A

applications

84
Q

,

example of the ▪ Port Addresses (port numbers)

A

▪ For example, the following Web service uses the user-

defined port of 8080

http://www.somewhere.org:8080/hiddenServer/index.html

85
Q

,

daigram of the Well-Known Port Addresses

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imagerdyfrx-14A5CB2B5880C66AB04.png

86
Q

,

TCP/IP Addressing (3)▪ IP addresses ▪ IP addresses

traits of IPv4 ?

A
  • 32-bit addresses arranged as 4 octets, delimited by dots
  • Each octet is written as a decimal number between 0 and 255
  • Example: 208.80.152.2 (Wikipedia’s IP address)
87
Q

,

traits of IPv6

A
  • Intended to eventually supplant IPv4 to provide additional IP addresses
  • 128-bit addresses arranged as 8 groups of four-digit hexadecimal
  • numbers separated by colons
  • Leading zeros and zero values in one or more consecutive groups may
  • be eliminated
  • Example: 6E:2A20::35C:66C0:0:5500 is the same as
  • 006E:2A20:0000:0000:035C:66C0:0000:550
88
Q

,

TCP/IP Addressing (4)

what is ▪ Domain name translation

A

▪ Translate a user friendly address into an IP address and port address for the transport layer

▪ Utilizes a global domain name directory servic

89
Q

,

what does ▪ Address resolution protocol (network layer) do ?

A

▪ Translates IP addresses into physical addresses

90
Q

,

what is ▪ MAC (medium-access control) address

A

▪ Most common type of physical address

▪ Every manufactured device that may connect to a network anywhere

in the world is supplied with a permanent, unique MAC address

▪ Format consists of 48 bits arranged as 6 two-digit hexadecimal numbers separated by colons

▪ Example: 00:C0:9F:6C:F9:D0

91
Q

,

diagram of the
Different Addresses Used in a

Network

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imagev46erx-14A5CB78A12613DFA9F.png

92
Q

,

what is Network Topology

A

Fundamental layout of a network

93
Q

,

what does Network Topology describe ?

A

▪ Describes the path or paths between any two points in the

network

▪ Affects availability, speed and traffic congestion of the networ

94
Q

,

types of Network Topology?

A

▪ Logical topology – operational relationship between the various

network components

▪ Physical topology – actual layout of the network wiring

95
Q

,

Automobile Traffic Scenarios

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/image07jyqx-14A5CB9640831CF86F6.png

96
Q

,

Four Network Topologies

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imagel4lirx-14A5CBA0E840A72887B.png

97
Q

,

what is Mesh Topology

A

Multiple paths between end nodes

98
Q

,

what are the limitations of the mesh topology ?

A

▪ Failure of an individual intermediate node will slow but not stop the network as long as an alternative path is available

99
Q

,

▪ Large networks that use switches and routers are typically

A

partial mesh networks

100
Q

,

Full mesh network

A
  1. Direct point-to-point channel connecting every pair of nodes
  2. Impractical due to the large number of connections needed
  3. Number of connections = nodes x (nodes – 1) / 2
  4. 500 computer nodes would require 125,000 interconnecting cables
101
Q

,

Five-Node Full Mesh Network diagram ?

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imageaw4hrx-14A5CBE06FF76B1A028.png

102
Q

,

how is the lay of the bus topology ?

A

▪ To communicate, each node “broadcasts” a message that

travels along the bus

▪ Every node on the bus receives the message but it is ignored by all nodes except the one whose node matches the delivery address in the message

103
Q

,

what does the transmission of the bus Topology ?

A

▪ Transmission from any stations travels entire medium (both

directions)

▪ Termination required at ends of bus to prevent the signal from

echoing

104
Q

,

can Branches be added to a bus?

A

Branches can be added to a bus, expanding it into a tree but

messages are still broadcast throughout the entire tree

105
Q

,

how to implement bus network?

A

▪ Only requires a single pair of wires from one end of the network space to the other

106
Q

,

advantage of the bus network ?

A

▪ Easiest to wire of the network topologies

▪ Low cost

107
Q

,

issues of the bus network?

A

▪ Traffic congestion is a major issue

108
Q

,

why bus network Rarely used in designs of new networks

except for wireless networks?

A

▪ Because of the unguided nature of radio waves, wireless networks require some form of bus topology

109
Q

,

when does the star network used?

A

▪ Primarily used for local area networks and sometimes

used to connect satellite offices to a central office

110
Q

,

how is the nodes connected in the star topology?

A

▪ All nodes are connected point-to-point to a central

device

▪ Nodes communicate through the central device

▪ Switching in the central device connects pairs of

nodes together to allow them to communicate directly

111
Q

,

what does the Central device of the star topology?

A

Central device can steer data from one node to

another as required

112
Q

,

is it possible to switch multiple pairs

A

▪ Most modern switches allow multiple pairs to

communicate simultaneously

113
Q

,

limitations of the star topology ?

A

▪ Failure of central device causes entire network to go

down

114
Q

,

how Ring Topology works

A

▪ Point-to-point connection from each node to the next

▪ Last node is connected back to the first to form a closed ring

▪ Each node retransmits the signal that it receives from the

previous node in the ring

▪ Packets are placed on the loop at a node, and travel from node

to node until the desired node is reached

115
Q

,

Although the ring is inherently unidirectional, it is possible to

build a

A

bidirectional ring network

116
Q

,

is it popular in the past Ring topology?

A

▪ Popular in the past because they provided a controlled way in which to guarantee network performance

▪ Legacy token-ring local area networks

▪ Used in some FDDI fiber optic backbone and metropolitan area networks

117
Q

,

what is Local Area Networks (LAN)?

A

▪ A network that connections computers and other supporting

devices over a relatively small localized area

118
Q

,

what is the size of Local Area Networks (LAN)?

A

▪ Typically ranging in size from a single room to multiple buildings

in close range of each other

▪ Most of the computers are personal computers or workstations

119
Q

,

is Routers and perhaps gateways are used to connect the LAN

A

▪ Routers and perhaps gateways are used to connect the LAN to
other networks

120
Q

,

how to minimize extraneous traffic on the network?

A

Creating separate LANs for different departments or for different business functions is done to minimize extraneous traffic on the network

121
Q

,

what protocol LAN is base on?

A

Most modern LANs are based on one of the Ethernet protocol

standards

122
Q

,

Common Ethernet Standards diagram

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imageoylhrx-14A5D0DDE8D65A8F480.png

123
Q

,

what is the Ethernet Hubs based on ?

A

Based on bus topology

124
Q

,

how to to simplify

wiring and maintenance in Ethernet Hubs?

A

▪ A passive central connection device used to simplify

wiring and maintenance

125
Q

,

what does the physical layer does in the Ethernet Hubs ?

A

▪ Physical layer device where all of the connections are

tied together inside the hub

126
Q

,

how the signaling of the Ethernet Hubs ?

A

▪ Signals are broadcast to every device connected to

the hub

127
Q

,

what are MACP in the Ethernet Hubs ?

A

Uses the CSMA/CD medium access control protocol

128
Q

,

why is the hubs in the Ethernet is declining

A

Use of hubs is declining because switches often

provide better performance

129
Q

,

Ethernet Switches what topology it uses ?

A

Logically a star topology, not a bus

topology

130
Q

,

the ability of the Ethernet switches ?

A

▪ Able to set up a direction connection

between any two nodes

▪ Multiple pairs of nodes can

communicate at the full bandwidth

131
Q

,

what method is Ethernet Switches ?

A

Prevalent method for wired local area

networks

132
Q

,

Hub vs. Switch Based Ethernet

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/selection_190-14A5D173432698D08C7.png

133
Q

,

Wireless Ethernet (WiFi) how

A
  • Radio-based compatible extension to the Ethernet

standard

▪ Central access point is similar to a hub but is an

active node

▪ Central access point transmits and receives radio

waves to communicate with the nodes

134
Q

,

Radio space requirement ?

A

▪ Radio space must be shared between the nodes

135
Q

,

why is the Wireless Ethernet (WiFi) Does not use the CSMA-CD protocol?

A

Does not use the CSMA-CD protocol because it is

possible for units to be far away that although they can communicate with the access point, they cannot detect one another

136
Q

,

Wireless Ethernet Characteristics

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imagew7ebrx-14A5D1D7EFD0AF1736A.png

137
Q

,

Wireless Mesh Network

A

Mesh points operate at the medium-access control

layer and do not require wiring

138
Q

,

what is Backbone Networks also called ?

A

Also called tiered Ethernet

139
Q

,

what does the backbone networks do ?

A

▪ Ties together LANs and provides access to external networks

like the Internet

140
Q

,

what is the Chief motivation of Backbone Networks ?

A

Chief motivation is to improve overall performance of a larger

network by creating separate networks for groups of users who

primarily communicate with one another

141
Q

,

when in the backbone networks Communicate between the LANs is enabled?

A

Communicate between the LANs is enabled only when

necessary

142
Q

,

did you know that

A

in Backbone Networks Overall range of the network can be extended beyond the limits
of a single LAN
Can be viewed as a large LAN where each node is itself a LAN

143
Q

,

example of the backbone networks ?

A

Intranets – an organizational network where user interfaces and

applications are primarily based on Web services

144
Q

,

Backbone Network

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imageeekerx-14A5D2543935633B090.png

145
Q

,

what is the Metropolitan Area Networks?

A

A network larger in geographical scope than a LAN

but within a range of less than 30 miles or 50 km

146
Q

,

did you know that there is Often there is a desire to create network links to link
locations

A

that would require running wires through someone else’s property.

147
Q

,

how does MAN works

A

▪ Requires services from a service provider or public carrier

▪ Begins to resemble a WAN

▪ Edge connection – a connection at an access point on the customer’s premises that connects to a provider

148
Q

,

what is Campus area network (CAN) ?

A

▪ Network type between a LAN and a MAN

▪ Number of interconnected buildings clustered together

149
Q

,

Metropolitan Area Network

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imageju36qx-14A5D28CBCB4208E85A.png

150
Q

,

what is Wide Area Networks (WAN) ?

A

▪ Facilitate communications between users and applications over large geographical distances

▪ Distinguishing feature is the extensive reliance on service providers to provide the required connectivity between nodes

151
Q

,

how is the carrier network represented by in WAN?

A

The carrier network is sometimes represented as a collection of

private virtual networks

152
Q

,

Primary reasons for WANs

A

▪ Organization requires data communication links between widely spread facilities and between an organization and its external contacts

▪ Organization requires fast access to the Internet, either as a consumer or as a provider of Internet services, or both

153
Q

,

what is an example in WAN?

A

Extranet

▪ A connection between a business and its business partners that

usually uses the Internet as a medium for its activities

154
Q

,

Two Real-World WANs

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/image1zuzqx-14A5D2CFDF421B98E74.png

155
Q

,

Wide Area Network Carrier Options

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/image38aerx-14A5D2D8B8D48804881.png

156
Q

,

what does (ISPs) do ?

A

Internet Service Providers

157
Q

,

traits of the Internet backbone?

A

▪ High speed fiber optic networks that carry traffic between major cities throughout the world

▪ Speed ranges from 45 to 625 Gbps with faster backbones in the future

▪ Created to speed network traffic that would otherwise require many slow hops to the final destination

▪ No official central backbone and no official guidance for its development

158
Q

,

what does the Network access points do in the backbone ?

A

Interchanges between the backbones

159
Q

,

DID you know

A

▪ Local ISPs receive their service from regional ISPs who, in turn,

receive their service from national ISPs

Most regional ISPs also interconnect among themselves

160
Q

,

Comparison of Internet and

Highway Architecture

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imagep16frx-14A5D312EAE3EA6EDA5.png

161
Q

,

what is Piconets also known as >?

A

Also known as personal area networks (PAN)

Created for the personal use of an individual

162
Q

,

what is the pictonets range of?

A

▪ Generally have ranges of 30 feet or less which is

sufficient to permit an individual to interconnect

personal computing devices

▪ Connections between different cooperating users are possible but rare

163
Q

,

what is the primary medium for PANs?

A

Bluetooth

164
Q

,

example of the PANS ?

A

▪ Example: interconnection between a cell phone,

hands-free speaker and car radio

165
Q

,

ISO

A

(International Standards Organization)

▪ > 17,000 standards including the OSI Reference model

166
Q

,

IEEE

A
  • (Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers

▪ Ethernet standards – Ethernet (802.3), Wi-Fi (802.11), Bluetooth (802.15) and

WiMax (802.16)

167
Q

,

what does ▪

IETF stands for ?

A

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)

▪ Internet standards based on RFCs (request for comments)

168
Q

,

what does ICANN stand for ?

A

ICANN

▪ Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

▪ IP address allocation, domain name registration, protocol parameter

assignment

▪ Management of domain name and root server systems

169
Q

,

what does IANA stands for ?

A

(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
▪ Registers application layer port numbers and specific parameter values used
in Internet protocol headers

IT110 (10 decks)

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