export_week 13 chapter 12 networks and data communications Flashcards
1
Q
,
data
A
messages to be shared between sender and receiver
2
Q
,
what does protocols establish ?
A
Protocols establish accurate and appropriate meaning to the
messages that are understood by both senders and receivers
3
Q
,
is the physical connection dependent of the physical connection ?
A
▪ Physical connection that is independent of the messaging
▪ message sharing “connection” between applications at the sender
and the receiver
▪ physical connection with signaling that represents the messages
being transported
4
Q
,
examples of the Physical connection
A
▪ Examples
▪ POTS - plain old telephone service
▪ Web servers and Web browsers
5
Q
,
HTTP Request and Response
A
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imagek0ehrx-14A5C8F0F660BC90423.png
6
Q
,
Model of a Communication
Channel
A
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imaged4mbrx-14A5C8FAB094DC62D62.png
7
Q
,
what are the limitations of communication tool
A
▪ Limitation as a communication tool is the varying
message length
▪ Long messages could tie up a communication channel indefinitely creating problems for other messages that share that channel
8
Q
,
what are the packets ?
A
- A group of related packets make up a single
message
▪ Consist of data encapsulated by the packet
header which contains information about the
packet
9
Q
,
what are the packets used ?
A
▪ Used to solve problems of channel availability and maximum utilization
▪ Equivalent to an envelope that contains pages of data
10
Q
,
what is the packet Header named ?
A
▪ Also known as the preamble
11
Q
,
what does the packet header contain?
A
▪ Contains
- Description of the packet
- Destination address of receiver
- Source address of sender
- Information about the data being sent
12
Q
,
Advantages of Packets?
A
- ▪ Simplifies operations and increases communications efficiency
- ▪ Reasonable unit for routing of data
- ▪ Alternative to dedicating a channel for the entire length of the message
- ▪ Packets from several sources can share a single channel
- ▪ Each sender/receiver pair appears to have a channel to itself
- ▪ Receiving computer can process an entire block of data instead of a character or byte at a time
- ▪ Simplifies synchronization of the sending and receiving systems by providing clear start and stop point
13
Q
,
what is the communication channel ?
A
▪ The path for the message between two communicating nodes
▪ May include intermediate nodes that forward packets to the next node
▪ Interfaces at each end of the connection may be differen
14
Q
,
what is ▪ Links?
A
▪ A segment of a communication channel
15
Q
,
what is the bandwidth ?
A
▪ Bit rate of overall channel
16
Q
,
what is ▪ Medium parts ?
A
▪ Guided – communications limited to a specific path
▪ Unguided – communications not limited to a specific path
17
Q
,
A Multi-Link Channel
A
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/image7sz7qx-14A5C9702F52BAAF49D.png
18
Q
,
what are the ▪ Data transmission directionality?
A
▪ Simplex – messages are carried only in one direction
▪ Half-duplex – messages are carried in both directions but only one direction at a time
▪ Full duplex – messages are simultaneously carried in both directions
19
Q
,
what are the numbers of connections ?
A
▪ Number of connections
▪ Point-to-point
▪ Multipoint
20
Q
,
types of signaling ?
A
▪ Digital vs. Analog
21
Q
,
what are End node interfaces types ?
A
▪ Wired or wireless Ethernet
▪ Bluetooth, WiMax, DSL or cable link, modem, etc.
22
Q
,
what are the types of Packet Routing ?
A
- Circuit switching
- Virtual circuit
- Packet switching (datagram switching )
23
Q
,
what are the circuit switching ?
A
▪ Circuit switching
▪ Dedicated channel between source and destination for duration of connection
24
Q
,
what are the ▪ Virtual circuit
A
Virtual circuit
▪ A channel path that is used to send
packets between two end nodes
▪ Intermediate nodes may be shared with
other channel paths
25
# ,
what are the packet switching ?
▪ Packet switching (datagram switching)
▪ Each packet is routed from node to node independently based on various criteria
26
# ,
End-to-end channel with many possible
| paths through intermediate nodes diagram
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27
# ,
Virtual Circuits in a Network diagram
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/selection_184-14A5CA0907B479F38C0.png
28
# ,
Connecting End
Points through Links
and Networks diagram
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29
# ,
what are routers ?
▪ Specialized devices used to interconnect network
and pass packets from one network to another
30
# ,
what ARE the operations
When packet arrives at input port
Processor decides where packet is to be directed
A switch is set to direct the packet to the correct output
port
31
# ,
what are getaways and what do they do ?
▪ Same as routers but connect dissimilar networks
together
▪ Convert packet headers for the dissimilar network
32
# ,
what are the Communication Models
▪ TCP/IP
▪ OSI
33
# ,
what are the network addressing
▪ Network Topology
34
# ,
what are the types of networks ?
1. Local Area Networks
2. Backbone Networks
3. Metropolitan Area Networks
4. Wide Area Networks
5. Internet Backbones and the Internet
6. Piconets
35
# ,
how is the communication model is implemented ?
▪ Implemented as a hierarchical protocol stack
▪ Each layer of the stack at the sender node contributes information that is used by the corresponding peer layer at the
receiver node
36
# ,
why different protocols for ?
Different protocols for the different aspects of communication
37
# ,
17 advantages of Separating tasks and including well defined interfaces between the tasks?
* Adds flexibility
* Simplifies design of protocols
* Permits modification or substitution of protocols without affecting unrelated tasks
* Permits a system to select only the protocols needed for a particular application
38
# ,
18 TCP/IP?
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
39
# ,
what does the TCP and IP encapasses ?
The TCP/IP protocol suite encompasses an integrated suite of numerous protocols that work together and guide all aspects of communication.
40
# ,
Operation of TCP/IP Model daigram
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41
# ,
Application Layer (Layer 5) what does do ?
▪ Layer where message is created
▪ Includes any application that provides software that
can communicate with the network layer
42
# ,
from what sockets are Originated ?
Originated with BSD UNIX
43
# ,
what does sockets provide ?
* Provide the interface between the application layer and transport layer
* Used by applications to i nitiate connections and to send messages through the network
* A means for adding new protocols and keeping the network facilities current in their offerings
44
# ,
example for sockets ?
Example: SCSI over IP
45
# ,
what does transport layer does ?
▪ Provides services that support reliable end-to-end
communications
▪ Generates the final address of the destination
▪ Responsible for all end-to-end communication
facilities
▪ Packetization of the message, breaking up of the
message into packets of reasonable size takes place
at this level
46
# ,
where does the Packetization of the message, breaking up of the
message into packets of reasonable size takes place?
Transport Layer (Layer 4)
47
# ,
where does the Generates the final address of the destination?
Transport Layer (Layer 4
48
# ,
▪ Three different protocols of the Transport Layer (Layer 4)?
▪ TCP
▪ UDP
▪ SCTP
49
# ,
advantages of the TCP? (Transmission Control Protocol)
▪ Reliable delivery service
▪ Sending and receiving TCP each create a socket
▪ Control packets are used to create a full duplex connection between the sockets
▪ A single TCP service can create multiple connections that operate simultaneously by creating additional sockets as needed
▪ Routing is the responsibility of the network layer (layer 3
50
# ,
talk about the ▪ UDP (User Datagram Protocol)?
▪ Unreliable, connectionless service
▪ No acknowledgment of receipt by receiving node
▪ Example: streaming video
51
# ,
example of the UDP ?
▪ Example: streaming video
52
# ,
what is the SCTP ?
Similar to TCP but with improved fault tolerance and ability to
transport multiple messages through the same connection
53
# ,
what is the Logical Connection View of TCP daigram ?
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54
# ,
what is the Network layer called ?
▪ The TCP/IP network layer is also called the
internetworking layer or the IP layer
55
# ,
what is the responsible for the network layer ?
Responsible for the addressing and routing of packets
| to their proper and final destination
56
# ,
traits of the network layers ?
▪ Unreliable, connectionless, packet switching service
* Does not guarantee delivery nor check for errors
57
# ,
what are routers and getaways refereed to ?
Routers and gateways are sometimes referred to as
level 3 switches to indicate the level at which routing
takes place
58
# ,
what does the network layer do during Communications within a local network?
* No routing is required because nodes are directly
addressable
▪ Physical addresses for corresponding IP addresses are looked up in a table
▪ IP appends a header with the physical address and passes the datagram to the data link layer (layer 2)
59
# ,
what does the network layer do Communications sent outside of the local network?
▪ At each intermediate node, the network layer removes the current node address and determines the next node address
▪ The new address is added to the packet and passed to the data link layer (layer 2)
60
# ,
what does the Data Link Layer (Layer 2) do ?
▪ Responsible for the reliable transmission and delivery
| of packets between two adjacent nodes
61
# ,
what are packets called in the data link layer ?
n Packets at this layer are called frames
62
# ,
What are the 2 sub layers of the Data link layer?
1. software Logical Link Control (LLC) - establish control of logical links btwn local devices on network
2. hardware Media Access Control (MAC) - device use to control access to network medium
63
# ,
traits of the Software logical link control sublayer?
* Error correction, flow control, retransmission, packet reconstruction and IP datagram/frame conversions
* Numbers frames and reorders received frames to recreate the original message
* Rarely used
64
# ,
what are the traits of the Hardware medium-access control sublayer?
* Defines procedures for access the channel and detecting errors
* Responsible for services such as data encoding, collision handling, synchronization, and multiplexing
65
# ,
what takes place at the physical layer ?
Layer at which communication actually takes place
consisting of a bare stream of bits
66
# ,
where is the physical layer implemented ?
```
▪ Primarily implemented in hardware by a network
interface controller (NIC)
```
67
# ,
in the physical layer what does the Physical access protocol includes?
▪ Definition of the medium
▪ Signaling method, signal parameters, carrier frequencies, lengths of pulses, synchronization and timing issues
▪ Method used to physically connect the computer to the medium
68
# ,
Passing a Message Through an
Intermediate Node diagram ?
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69
# ,
OSI Model what does it stand for ?
Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model was
created by the International Standards Organization
(ISO)
70
# ,
is it important the OSI model ?
▪ Although a conceptually important model, OSI is not
widely accepted or used for actual communication
71
# ,
how many layers the OSI consists of ?
▪ Contains seven layers instead of five
▪ The application layer in the TCP/IP model is
essentially represented by three layers in the OSI
model
▪ Application layer
▪ Presentation layer
▪ Session layer
72
# ,
Comparison of OSI and TCP/IP diagram ?
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73
# ,
what is OSI Presentation Layer Different protocols for the different aspects of communication
▪ Responsible for presenting data at the destination
with the same meaning and appearance as it would
have at the source
▪ Provides common data conversions and
transformations that allow systems with different
standards to communicate
74
# ,
what does OSI Presentation Layer include ?
Includes services such as data compression and
restoration, encryption and decryption, data
reformatting, ASCII-Unicode conversion, etc.
75
# ,
what does the OSI session layer establishes ?
▪ Establishes a dialogue between two cooperating applications or processes at the ends of the communication link
76
# ,
what is OSI Session Layer ▪ Responsible for?
▪ Establishing the session between the applications
▪ Controlling the dialogue
▪ Terminating the session
77
# ,
examples of the OSI session layer are ?
Examples
▪ Remote login
▪ Print spooling to remote printer
78
# ,
TCP/IP Addressing (1)
| what type of addresses used ?
▪ User friendly addresses
▪ URL – www.youtube.com
▪ Email – somebody@yahoo.com
▪ Printer name on the network
79
# ,
what is the domain name ?
▪ Standard global domain name system provides
global scope for user friendly addresses
▪ Hierarchical system for name creation and
registration
▪ Tools for locating and identifying specific names
80
# ,
traits of port addresses TCP/IP addressing ?
▪ Port Addresses (port numbers)
▪ Transport layer uses to identify the application that is to receive the message
81
# ,
what is the length of the port addressed ?
▪ 16 bits in length
82
# ,
example of the length of the port addresses ?
Example: port 80 is commonly used for Web services
▪ First 1024 numbers are called well-known ports because they are standard addresses specified for most common applications
83
# ,
what is the defined port numbers are also available to ??
applications
84
# ,
example of the ▪ Port Addresses (port numbers)
▪ For example, the following Web service uses the user-
defined port of 8080
http://www.somewhere.org:8080/hiddenServer/index.html
85
# ,
daigram of the Well-Known Port Addresses
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86
# ,
TCP/IP Addressing (3)▪ IP addresses ▪ IP addresses
| traits of IPv4 ?
* 32-bit addresses arranged as 4 octets, delimited by dots
* Each octet is written as a decimal number between 0 and 255
* Example: 208.80.152.2 (Wikipedia’s IP address)
87
# ,
traits of IPv6
* Intended to eventually supplant IPv4 to provide additional IP addresses
* 128-bit addresses arranged as 8 groups of four-digit hexadecimal
* numbers separated by colons
* Leading zeros and zero values in one or more consecutive groups may
* be eliminated
* Example: 6E:2A20::35C:66C0:0:5500 is the same as
* 006E:2A20:0000:0000:035C:66C0:0000:550
88
# ,
TCP/IP Addressing (4)
| what is ▪ Domain name translation
▪ Translate a user friendly address into an IP address and port address for the transport layer
▪ Utilizes a global domain name directory servic
89
# ,
what does ▪ Address resolution protocol (network layer) do ?
▪ Translates IP addresses into physical addresses
90
# ,
what is ▪ MAC (medium-access control) address
▪ Most common type of physical address
▪ Every manufactured device that may connect to a network anywhere
in the world is supplied with a permanent, unique MAC address
▪ Format consists of 48 bits arranged as 6 two-digit hexadecimal numbers separated by colons
▪ Example: 00:C0:9F:6C:F9:D0
91
# ,
diagram of the
Different Addresses Used in a
Network
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92
# ,
what is Network Topology
Fundamental layout of a network
93
# ,
what does Network Topology describe ?
▪ Describes the path or paths between any two points in the
network
▪ Affects availability, speed and traffic congestion of the networ
94
# ,
types of Network Topology?
▪ Logical topology – operational relationship between the various
network components
▪ Physical topology – actual layout of the network wiring
95
# ,
Automobile Traffic Scenarios
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96
# ,
Four Network Topologies
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97
# ,
what is Mesh Topology
Multiple paths between end nodes
98
# ,
what are the limitations of the mesh topology ?
▪ Failure of an individual intermediate node will slow but not stop the network as long as an alternative path is available
99
# ,
▪ Large networks that use switches and routers are typically
partial mesh networks
100
# ,
Full mesh network
1. Direct point-to-point channel connecting every pair of nodes
2. Impractical due to the large number of connections needed
3. Number of connections = nodes x (nodes – 1) / 2
4. 500 computer nodes would require 125,000 interconnecting cables
101
# ,
Five-Node Full Mesh Network diagram ?
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imageaw4hrx-14A5CBE06FF76B1A028.png
102
# ,
how is the lay of the bus topology ?
▪ To communicate, each node “broadcasts” a message that
travels along the bus
▪ Every node on the bus receives the message but it is ignored by all nodes except the one whose node matches the delivery address in the message
103
# ,
what does the transmission of the bus Topology ?
▪ Transmission from any stations travels entire medium (both
directions)
▪ Termination required at ends of bus to prevent the signal from
echoing
104
# ,
can Branches be added to a bus?
Branches can be added to a bus, expanding it into a tree but
messages are still broadcast throughout the entire tree
105
# ,
how to implement bus network?
▪ Only requires a single pair of wires from one end of the network space to the other
106
# ,
advantage of the bus network ?
▪ Easiest to wire of the network topologies
▪ Low cost
107
# ,
issues of the bus network?
▪ Traffic congestion is a major issue
108
# ,
why bus network Rarely used in designs of new networks
| except for wireless networks?
▪ Because of the unguided nature of radio waves, wireless networks require some form of bus topology
109
# ,
when does the star network used?
▪ Primarily used for local area networks and sometimes
used to connect satellite offices to a central office
110
# ,
how is the nodes connected in the star topology?
▪ All nodes are connected point-to-point to a central
device
▪ Nodes communicate through the central device
▪ Switching in the central device connects pairs of
nodes together to allow them to communicate directly
111
# ,
what does the Central device of the star topology?
Central device can steer data from one node to
another as required
112
# ,
is it possible to switch multiple pairs
▪ Most modern switches allow multiple pairs to
communicate simultaneously
113
# ,
limitations of the star topology ?
▪ Failure of central device causes entire network to go
down
114
# ,
how Ring Topology works
▪ Point-to-point connection from each node to the next
▪ Last node is connected back to the first to form a closed ring
▪ Each node retransmits the signal that it receives from the
previous node in the ring
▪ Packets are placed on the loop at a node, and travel from node
to node until the desired node is reached
115
# ,
Although the ring is inherently unidirectional, it is possible to
build a
bidirectional ring network
116
# ,
is it popular in the past Ring topology?
▪ Popular in the past because they provided a controlled way in which to guarantee network performance
▪ Legacy token-ring local area networks
▪ Used in some FDDI fiber optic backbone and metropolitan area networks
117
# ,
what is Local Area Networks (LAN)?
▪ A network that connections computers and other supporting
| devices over a relatively small localized area
118
# ,
what is the size of Local Area Networks (LAN)?
▪ Typically ranging in size from a single room to multiple buildings
in close range of each other
▪ Most of the computers are personal computers or workstations
119
# ,
is Routers and perhaps gateways are used to connect the LAN
▪ Routers and perhaps gateways are used to connect the LAN to
other networks
120
# ,
how to minimize extraneous traffic on the network?
Creating separate LANs for different departments or for different business functions is done to minimize extraneous traffic on the network
121
# ,
what protocol LAN is base on?
Most modern LANs are based on one of the Ethernet protocol
standards
122
# ,
Common Ethernet Standards diagram
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123
# ,
what is the Ethernet Hubs based on ?
Based on bus topology
124
# ,
how to to simplify
| wiring and maintenance in Ethernet Hubs?
▪ A passive central connection device used to simplify
| wiring and maintenance
125
# ,
what does the physical layer does in the Ethernet Hubs ?
▪ Physical layer device where all of the connections are
tied together inside the hub
126
# ,
how the signaling of the Ethernet Hubs ?
▪ Signals are broadcast to every device connected to
the hub
127
# ,
what are MACP in the Ethernet Hubs ?
Uses the CSMA/CD medium access control protocol
128
# ,
why is the hubs in the Ethernet is declining
Use of hubs is declining because switches often
provide better performance
129
# ,
Ethernet Switches what topology it uses ?
Logically a star topology, not a bus
topology
130
# ,
the ability of the Ethernet switches ?
▪ Able to set up a direction connection
between any two nodes
▪ Multiple pairs of nodes can
communicate at the full bandwidth
131
# ,
what method is Ethernet Switches ?
Prevalent method for wired local area
| networks
132
# ,
Hub vs. Switch Based Ethernet
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133
# ,
Wireless Ethernet (WiFi) how
* Radio-based compatible extension to the Ethernet
standard
▪ Central access point is similar to a hub but is an
active node
▪ Central access point transmits and receives radio
waves to communicate with the nodes
134
# ,
Radio space requirement ?
▪ Radio space must be shared between the nodes
135
# ,
why is the Wireless Ethernet (WiFi) Does not use the CSMA-CD protocol?
Does not use the CSMA-CD protocol because it is
possible for units to be far away that although they can communicate with the access point, they cannot detect one another
136
# ,
Wireless Ethernet Characteristics
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137
# ,
Wireless Mesh Network
Mesh points operate at the medium-access control
layer and do not require wiring
138
# ,
what is Backbone Networks also called ?
Also called tiered Ethernet
139
# ,
what does the backbone networks do ?
▪ Ties together LANs and provides access to external networks
like the Internet
140
# ,
what is the Chief motivation of Backbone Networks ?
Chief motivation is to improve overall performance of a larger
network by creating separate networks for groups of users who
primarily communicate with one another
141
# ,
when in the backbone networks Communicate between the LANs is enabled?
Communicate between the LANs is enabled only when
necessary
142
# ,
did you know that
in Backbone Networks Overall range of the network can be extended beyond the limits
of a single LAN
Can be viewed as a large LAN where each node is itself a LAN
143
# ,
example of the backbone networks ?
Intranets – an organizational network where user interfaces and
applications are primarily based on Web services
144
# ,
Backbone Network
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imageeekerx-14A5D2543935633B090.png
145
# ,
what is the Metropolitan Area Networks?
A network larger in geographical scope than a LAN
but within a range of less than 30 miles or 50 km
146
# ,
did you know that there is Often there is a desire to create network links to link
locations
that would require running wires through someone else’s property.
147
# ,
how does MAN works
▪ Requires services from a service provider or public carrier
▪ Begins to resemble a WAN
▪ Edge connection – a connection at an access point on the customer’s premises that connects to a provider
148
# ,
what is Campus area network (CAN) ?
▪ Network type between a LAN and a MAN
▪ Number of interconnected buildings clustered together
149
# ,
Metropolitan Area Network
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imageju36qx-14A5D28CBCB4208E85A.png
150
# ,
what is Wide Area Networks (WAN) ?
▪ Facilitate communications between users and applications over large geographical distances
▪ Distinguishing feature is the extensive reliance on service providers to provide the required connectivity between nodes
151
# ,
how is the carrier network represented by in WAN?
The carrier network is sometimes represented as a collection of
private virtual networks
152
# ,
Primary reasons for WANs
▪ Organization requires data communication links between widely spread facilities and between an organization and its external contacts
▪ Organization requires fast access to the Internet, either as a consumer or as a provider of Internet services, or both
153
# ,
what is an example in WAN?
Extranet
▪ A connection between a business and its business partners that
usually uses the Internet as a medium for its activities
154
# ,
Two Real-World WANs
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155
# ,
Wide Area Network Carrier Options
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156
# ,
what does (ISPs) do ?
Internet Service Providers
157
# ,
traits of the Internet backbone?
▪ High speed fiber optic networks that carry traffic between major cities throughout the world
▪ Speed ranges from 45 to 625 Gbps with faster backbones in the future
▪ Created to speed network traffic that would otherwise require many slow hops to the final destination
▪ No official central backbone and no official guidance for its development
158
# ,
what does the Network access points do in the backbone ?
Interchanges between the backbones
159
# ,
DID you know
▪ Local ISPs receive their service from regional ISPs who, in turn,
receive their service from national ISPs
Most regional ISPs also interconnect among themselves
160
# ,
Comparison of Internet and
Highway Architecture
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161
# ,
what is Piconets also known as >?
Also known as personal area networks (PAN)
| Created for the personal use of an individual
162
# ,
what is the pictonets range of?
▪ Generally have ranges of 30 feet or less which is
sufficient to permit an individual to interconnect
personal computing devices
▪ Connections between different cooperating users are possible but rare
163
# ,
what is the primary medium for PANs?
Bluetooth
164
# ,
example of the PANS ?
▪ Example: interconnection between a cell phone,
hands-free speaker and car radio
165
# ,
ISO
(International Standards Organization)
▪ > 17,000 standards including the OSI Reference model
166
# ,
IEEE
* (Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers
▪ Ethernet standards – Ethernet (802.3), Wi-Fi (802.11), Bluetooth (802.15) and
WiMax (802.16)
167
# ,
what does ▪
| IETF stands for ?
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
| ▪ Internet standards based on RFCs (request for comments)
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# ,
what does ICANN stand for ?
ICANN
▪ Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
▪ IP address allocation, domain name registration, protocol parameter
assignment
▪ Management of domain name and root server systems
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# ,
what does IANA stands for ?
(Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
▪ Registers application layer port numbers and specific parameter values used
in Internet protocol headers
