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IT110 > export_week 12 chapter 10 peripherals > Flashcards

export_week 12 chapter 10 peripherals Flashcards

1
Q

,

what are Peripherals?

A

Devices that are separate from the

basic computer

▪ Not the CPU, memory, or power supply

▪ Classified as input, output, and storage

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2
Q

,

how Peripherals connected ?

A

▪ Connect via

▪ Ports

▪ Interface to systems bus

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3
Q

,

types of storage Devices ?

A

▪ Primary memory

▪ Secondary storage

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4
Q

,

what are the Secondary storage include?

A

▪ Data and programs must be copied to primary memory for CPU access
▪ Permanence of data - nonvolatile

▪ Direct access storage devices (DASDs)

▪ Online storage

▪ Offline storage – loaded when needed

▪ Network file storage

• File servers, web servers, database servers

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5
Q

,

how is the speed measured in storage devices ?

A

Measured by access time and data

transfer rate

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6
Q

,

Access time:

A

average time it takes a

computer to locate data and read it

▪ millisecond = one-thousandth of a second

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7
Q

,

Data transfer rate:

A

amount of data that

moves per second

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8
Q

,

Storage Hierarchy Diagram ?

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imageutgarx-14A5F4138920F20D2A1.png

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9
Q

,

what are the Secondary Storage Devices

A
  1. Solid state memory
  2. Magnetic disks
  3. Optical disk storage
  4. Magnetic tape
  5. Network storage
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10
Q

,

Characteristics of Secondary Storage Devices?

A

▪ Rotation vs. Linear

▪ Direct access vs. Sequential access

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11
Q

,

what is falsh memory ?

A

▪ Nonvolatile electronic integrated circuit memory

▪ Similar to other read-only memory but uses a

different technology

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12
Q

,

what does Flash memory permit ?

A

▪ Permits reading and writing individual bytes or small

blocks of data

▪ Small size makes it useful in portable devices such

as USB “thumb drives”, digital cameras, cell phones,

music players

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13
Q

,

what is the Flash Memory immune to ?

A

▪ Relatively immune to physical shocks

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14
Q

,

what is limitations of using Flash memory?

A

▪ Generates little heat or noise

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15
Q

,

Disk Layouts – CAV vs. CLV

A

▪ CAV – Constant Angular Velocity

▪ Number of bits on each track is the same! Denser

towards the center.

▪ Spins the same speed for every track

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16
Q

,

Disk Layouts – CAV vs. CLV

A

▪ CLV – Constant Linear Velocity

▪ All tracks have the same physical length and

number of bits

▪ Constant speed reading data off a track

▪ Drive has to speed up when accessing close to

the center of the drive and slow down when

accessing towards the edge of the drive

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17
Q

,

Disk Layout – Multiple Zone Multiple zone recording

A

▪ Multiple zone recording

▪ Also known as zone bit recording (ZBR) or zone-

CAV recording (Z-CAV)

▪ Compromise between CAV and CLV

▪ Disk divided into zones

▪ Cylinders in different zones have a different

number of sectors

▪ Number of sectors in a particular zone is constant

▪ Data is buffered so the data rate to the I/O

interface is constant

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18
Q

,

Multiple-Zone Disk

Configuration

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imagegdh9qx-14A5F4717B3088D7225.png

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19
Q

,

types of the Magnetic Disks

A
  • Track – circle
  • Cylinder – same track on all platters
  • Block – small arc of a track
  • Sector – pie-shaped part of a platter
  • Head – reads data off the disk as disk rotates at high speed (4200-14000 RPM)
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20
Q

,

A Hard Disk Layout

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/image7y02qx-14A5F4854A14637D5FD.png

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21
Q

,

A Hard Disk Layout

A

https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imagevxn7qx-14A5F48A6DA69D8AA6C.png

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22
Q

,

Average seek time: ? how to Locate a Block of Data

A

time requied to move from one track

to another

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23
Q

,

Latency:

A

time required for disk to

rotate to beginning of correct

sector

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24
Q

,

Transfer time:

A

time required to

transfer a block of data to the

disk controller buffer

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25
# , Average Seek time
average time to move from one track to another
26
# , Average Latency time
▪ average time to rotate to the beginning of the sector ▪ Average Latency time = 1⁄2 * 1/rotational speed
27
# , Transfer time
1/(# of sectors * rotational speed)
28
# , Total Time to access a disk block
Avg. seek time + avg. latency time + avg. transfer time
29
# , Magnetic Disks | ▪ Data Block Format?
▪ Interblock gap ▪ Header ▪ Data▪ Interblock gap ▪ Header ▪ Data
30
# , how ▪ Formatting disk ?
▪ Establishes the track positions, blocks and headers needed before use of the disk
31
# , Disk Block Formats
Single Data Block
32
# , Header for Windows disk
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/image70lhrx-14A5F5096A667300041.png
33
# , what is Disk Arrays?
Grouping of multiple disks together
34
# , RAID
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
35
# , types of RAID>
▪ Mirrored array ▪ Striped array ▪ RAID 0 to RAID 5
36
# , RAID – Mirrored is ?
▪ Pair of disks contain the exact same stores of data ▪ Reading data – alternate blocks of data are read from hard drives and combined
37
# , how is acess time is reduced inRAID – Mirrored ?
Access time is reduced by approximately a factor equal to the number of disk drives in array
38
# , what is Read failure RAID mirrored ?
block is marked and then read from the mirrored drive When using three or more mirrored drives, majority logic is used in the event of a failure. Fault-tolerant computers use this technique.
39
# , what is the raid striped ?
▪ A file segment is stored divided into blocks on different disks ▪ Minimum of three drives needed because one disk drive is reserved for error checking
40
# , writers in RAID - Striped is ?
block of parity words from each block of data is created and put on the reserved error checking disk
41
# , what is the readers RAID - Striped?
parity data is used to check original data
42
# , what does RAID levels ?
▪ RAID 0 – not true RAID, no error checking or redundancy, but data is placed across all drives for increased speed ▪ RAID 1 – mirrored array ▪ RAID 2, 3, 4 – arrays that are striped in different ways ▪ RAID 5 – error checking blocks are spread across all drives
43
# , how Optical Storage ?
Reflected light off a mirrored or pitted surface
44
# , CD rom for the optical storage ?
CD-ROM ▪ 650 MB of data, approximately 550 MB after formatting and error checking ▪ Spiral 3 miles long, containing 15 billion bits!
45
# , what does CLV for optical storage do ?
▪ CLV – all blocks are same physical length ▪ Block – 2352 bytes 2k of data (2048 bytes) 16 bytes for header (12 start, 4 id) 288 bytes for advanced error control
46
# , DVD – similar technology to CD-ROM
DID you know
47
# , WORM
write-once read-many
48
# , Optical Storage types ?
▪ Laser strikes land: light reflected into detector ▪ Laser strikes a pit: light scattered
49
# , Layout: CD-ROM vs. Standard Disk
CD-ROM
50
# , Layout: CD-ROM vs. Standard Disk
Hard Disk
51
# , Types of Optical Storage
WORM Disks Medium-powered laser blister technology also used for
52
# , Medium-powered laser blister technology also used for what ?
▪ CD-R, DVD-R, DVD-R, DVD+R ▪ CD-RW, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, DVD+RAMBD-RE
53
# , what are the issues for Types of Optical Storage
▪ File compatibility issues between the different CD, DVD and WORM formats
54
# , talk about magnetic tape ?
1. Offline storage 2. Archival purposes 3. Disaster recovery 4. Tape Cartridges
55
# , what are Tape Cartridges
▪ Linear tape open format vs. helical scan tape format
56
# , Displays: | Pixel
picture element
57
# , Screen Size
diagonal length of screen
58
# , Aspect ratio
X pixels to Y pixels ▪ 4:3 – older displays ▪ 16:9 – widescreen displays
59
# , Pixel color is determined by ?
Pixel color is determined by intensity of 3 colors – Red, Green and Blue (RGB)
60
# , True Color what is it ?
8 bits for each color ▪ 256 levels of intensity for each color ▪ 256 * 256 * 256 = 16.7 million colors
61
# , what is resolution ?examples 
Resolution ▪ Measured as either number of pixels per inch or size of an individual pixel ▪ Screen resolution examples: 768 x 1024 1440 x 900 1920 x 1080
62
# , what is the Picture size calculation?
▪ Resolution * bits required to represent number of colors in picture ▪ Example: resolution is 100 pixels by 50 pixels, 4 bits required for a 16 color image 100 * 50 * 4 bits = 20,000 bits
63
# , Video memory requirements are,,,,,,,,,
significant!
64
# , Interlaced vs. Progressive Scan diagram ?
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imagem9jzqx-14A60C6B35C39AA9222.png
65
# , Diagram of Raster Screen Generation Process
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imageqqucrx-14A60C70EE0065869CC.png
66
# , Color Transformation Table
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imagen681qx-14A60C7715C29E8AB2E.png
67
# , Display Example diagram ?
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imagejcy0qx-14A60C7CF9A2957E1E9.png
68
# , LCD – Liquid Crystal Display known as ?
Fluorescent light or LED panel
69
# , how many colors in the LCD?
3 color cells per pixel
70
# , Operation of the LCD
1 st filter polarizes light in a specific direction ▪ Electric charge rotates molecules in liquid crystal cells proportional to the strength of colors ▪ Color filters only let through red, green, and blue light ▪ Final filter lets through the brightness of light proportional to the polarization twist
71
# , LCDs (continued) what types of matrices ?
▪ Active matrix ▪ One transistor per cell ▪ More expensive ▪ Brighter picture ▪ Passive matrix ▪ One transistor per row or column ▪ Each cell is lit in succession ▪ Display is dimmer since pixels are lit less frequently
72
# , CRT Display Technology
1. CRTs (similar to TVs) 2. 3 stripes of phosphors for each color 3. 3 separate electron guns for each color 4. Strength of beam → brightness of color 5. Raster scan * 30x per second * Interlaced vs. non-interlaced (progressive scan)
73
# , OLED Display Technology traits ?
No backlight Consists of red, green and blue LEDs Each LED lights up individually Very thin displays with panels less than 3mm thick!
74
# , Printers comapsion between dots vs pixels ?
▪ Dots vs. pixels ▪ 300-2400 dpi vs. 70-100 pixels per inch ▪ Dots are on or off, pixels have intensities
75
# , types of printers ?
1. Typewriter / Daisy wheels – obsolete 2. Impact printing - dot matrix – mostly obsolete 3. Inkjet – squirts heated droplets of ink 4. Laser printer 5. Thermal wax transfer 6. Dye Sublimation
76
# , Creating a Gray Scale how diagram ?
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imageyr50qx-14A60CE89856F80B0FC.png
77
# , Laser Printer Operation
1. Dots of laser light are beamed onto a drum 2. Drum becomes electrically charged 3. Drum passes through toner which then sticks to the electrically charged places 4. Electrically charged paper is fed toward the drum 5. Toner is transferred from the drum to the paper
78
# , Laser Printer Operation (cont)
6. The fusing system heats and melts the toner onto the paper 7.A corona wire resets the electrical charge on the drum
79
# , Laser Printer Operation
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imagewvqgrx-14A60D1DAF72B87B9F6.png
80
# , Laser Printer Operation (cONT)
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imageez72qx-14A60D23E8A3FD1D530.png
81
# , what other Computer Peripherals?
* Scanners ▪ Flatbed, sheet-fed, hand-held ▪ Light is reflected off the sheet of paper ▪ User Input Devices ▪ Keyboard, mouse, light pens, graphics tablets ▪ Communication Devices ▪ Telephone modems ▪ Network devices
82
# , Network Communication Devices is just ?
▪ Network is just another I/O device ▪ Network I/O controller is the network interface card (NIC)
83
# , types of networking connection | ?
▪ Ethernet, FDDI fiber, token-ring
84
# , Medium access control (MAC) protocols what does it define ?
# Define the specific rules of communication for the network
85
# , Storage Hierarchy
– Performance is driven by latency and bandwidth. – The more layers away from the CPU . . . – . . . the higher the latency – . . . the larger the capacity
86
# , Storage Hierarchy
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/selection_193-14A60DB3ABF2FB371BE.png
87
# , Storage Hierarchy 2 
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/selection_193-14A60DB6F9B5D5FCC87.png
88
# , Magnetic Disk Technology – Terminology Platter?
a spinning disc within a drive, made of glass or aluminum, and coated with magnetic media
89
# , Magnetic Disk Technology – Terminology Head:
floats above the media, reading or writing the magnetically encoded data
90
# , Magnetic Disk Technology – Terminology track?
a ring on a single platter
91
# , Magnetic Disk Technology – Terminology Cylinder?
a track across all platters
92
# , Magnetic Disk Technology – Terminology sector?
a wedge shaped slice of a platter
93
# , Block | in the Magnetic disk terminology
the intersection of a track and a sector
94
# , CAV (constant angular velocity):
used by HDD; disk always spins at the same speed. Problem: wastes space on the outer rings
95
# , – CLV (constant linear velocity):
The number of bits passing under the head is constant. Faster angular velocity at the inner tracks; slower on the outer
96
# , Raid: most Disks fail why ?
Disks often fail because they are at least partly mechanical. RAID (redundant array of independent disks) attempts to improve redundancy and bandwidth
97
# , Raid combine 3 functions?
– Combine three primary functions: – Mirroring – Striping – Parity checks
98
# , RAID 0: Striping D?
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imageaqe2qx-14A60E13B8531F798C4.png
99
# , RAID 1: Mirroring D?
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/image4x7drx-14A60E1990236841F31.png
100
# , RAID 5: Striping with distributed parity D?
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imageywpbrx-14A60E1EFC62DB94602.png
101
# , – RAID 10: Stripe across mirrors D?
https://s3.amazonaws.com/classconnection/655/flashcards/7082655/png/imagelpzgrx-14A60E254722BA1C6BF.png
102
# , what does Memory hierarchy  show ?
Memory hierarchy shows the inverse relationship between speed and capacity in computing systems.
103
# , – Magnetic disks have several kinds of latency:?
seek time, rotational delay, and | transfer time.
104
# , how RAID try and fix ?
RAID attempts to compensate for latency and failures by employing striping, mirroring, and parity checks.

IT110 (10 decks)

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