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export_attention and memory Flashcards

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1
Q

Memory

A

The nervous system’s capacity to acquire and retain skills and knowledge.

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2
Q

Three phases of memory

A

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

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3
Q

Encoding

A

The processing of information so that it can be stored. Occurs at the time of learning as information is acquired by being encoded, ie. translated into a neural code the brain can use

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4
Q

Storage

A

The retention of encoded representations over time. Information may be stored for seconds or for a lifetime. At least 3 storage systems exist

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5
Q

Retrieval

A

The act of recalling or remembering stored information when it is needed.

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6
Q

Engram

A

Karl Lashley’s term for the physical state of memory storage–where the memory “lives”

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7
Q

Equipotentiality

A

The idea by Karl Lashley that memory is distributed throughout the rain rather than confined to any one location.

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8
Q

Brain Regions that store memory

A

Hippocampus, Amygdala, Motor Cortex, Prefrontal Cortex

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9
Q

Types of memory stored by Hippocampus

A

Spacial and declarative memory

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10
Q

Types of memory stored by Amygdala

A

Emotional learning, particularly fear leaning

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11
Q

Types of memory stored by Motor Cortex

A

motor actions

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12
Q

Types of memory stored by Prefrontal Cortex

A

working memory

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13
Q

Consolidation

A

A process by which immediate memories become lasting (or long-term) memories. In this process, neural connections that support memory become stronger, and new synapses are constructed.

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14
Q

Where are memories formed/stored?

A

Memories are formed in the medial temporal lobes. (In class, it was said that prefrontal cortex was involved in coding memory). The hippocampus consolidates memory, and memories are eventually stored in the original region that encoded them (visual info stored in cortical areas involved in visual perception, sound stored in areas involved in auditory perception, etc.)

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15
Q

Role of Medial Temporal Lobes in memory

A

Important for forming new memories, but also form links, or pointers, between the different storage sites, and direct the gradual strengthening of the connections between these links

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16
Q

Reconsolidation

A

Neural processes involved when memories are recalled and then stored again for later retrieval. New theory proposes that recalling memories causes them to be changed slightly based on the new context of remembering before they are reconsolidated

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17
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Processing multiple types of information at the same time. Allows us to attend selectively to one feature of our environment while we block out others.

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18
Q

Filter Theory

A

Theory by Donald Broadbent that people have a limited capacity for sensory information, so they screen incoming information to let in only the most important material.

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19
Q

Change Blindness

A

A failure to notice large changes in one’s environment, due to the fact that we cannot attend to everything in the vast array of visual information available. People with greater ability to maintain attention in the face of distracting information are less likely to experience change blindness.

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20
Q

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s Model of Memory

A

Three-part model consists of sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. Terms refer to the length of time information is retained in memory, and the parts differ in their capacity for storage. Sensory has the shortest, long-term has the longest.

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21
Q

Sensory Memory

A

A memory system that very briefly stores sensory information in close to its original sensory form. Occurs when a light, sound, odor, taste, or tactile impression leaves a vanishing trace on the nervous system for a fraction of a second.

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22
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

A memory storage system that briefly holds a limited amount of information in awareness. Less contemporary model than working memory

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23
Q

Working Memory

A

An active processing system that keeps different types of information available for use. Must be kept in consciousness, ie. you must repeat a phone number to yourself. Otherwise, disappears after 20-30 seconds.

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24
Q

Echoic Memory

A

auditory memory, a form of sensory memory

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25
Q

Iconic Memory

A

Visual memory, a form of sensory memory

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26
Q

Memory Span

A

The number of information that can be kept in working memory at a time. Generally seven items.

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27
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember

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28
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

The relatively permanent storage of information. Virtually limitless, and does not require you to keep information continually in your consciousness,as with working memory

29
Q

Serial Position Effect

A

The ability to recall items from a list depends on order of presentation, with items presented early or late in the list remembered better than those in the middle. This is due to the Primacy and Recency Effects.

30
Q

Primacy Effect

A

People recall first items on a list because they have been encoded into long term memory.

31
Q

Recency Effect

A

People recall last words heard on a list second best because they are still in short term memory.

32
Q

Things that facilitate long term memory

A

Repeated retrieval, deep processing, adaptive significance

33
Q

Levels of Processing Model

A

The more deeply an item is encoded, the more meaning it has, and the better it is remembered (according to Craik and Lockhart)

34
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Simply repeating an item over and over. Does not lead to as deep encoding in the levels of processing model.

35
Q

Elaborative Rehearsal

A

Encodes information in more meaningful ways than maintenance rehearsal. Includes thinking about an item conceptually, and deciding whether it refers to oneself. Leads to deeper encoding.

36
Q

Schemas

A

Cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process, and use information. Guide our attention to an environment’s relevant features. Help us construct new memories by filling in holes in existing memories, overlooking inconsistent information, and interpreting meaning based on past experiences.

37
Q

Network of Associations Model

A

An item’s distinctive features are linked so as to identify the item. Each unit of information in the network is a node. Each node is connected to many other nodes. The resulting network is like a the linked neurons in the brain, but nodes are simply bits of information.

38
Q

Spreading Activity Models

A

Stimuli in working memory activate specific nodes in long-term memory. This activation increases the ease of access to that material and thus makes the retrieval easier.

39
Q

Retrieval Cue

A

Anything that helps a person (or a nonhuman animal) recall information stored in long-term memory.

40
Q

Encoding Specificity Principal

A

Thee idea that any stimulus that is encoded along with an experience can later trigger memory for the experience.

41
Q

Context-Dependent Memory

A

Memory is enhanced when the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation. Can be based on physical location, odors background music, etc.

42
Q

State-Dependent Memory

A

When a person’s internal states (such as emotional) match during encoding and recall, memory can be enhanced.

43
Q

Implicit Memory

A

The system underlying unconscious memories–memories we cannot say we know. Classical conditioning employs implicit memory.

44
Q

Explicit Memory

A

The process we use to remember information we can say we know, or the system underlying conscious memories.

45
Q

Declarative Memory

A

The cognitive information retrieved from explicit memory; knowledge that can be declared (consciously brought to mind). Can involve words or concepts, visual images or both. Every exam ever taken tested declarative memory.

46
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Division of explicit memory. Refers to a person’s past experiences and includes information about the time and place the experiences occurred.

47
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Division of explicit memory that represents the knowledge of facts independent of personal experience, ie. knowledge about the world.

48
Q

Prospective Memory

A

Remembering to do something at a future time. Involves both automatic and controlled processes–retrieval cue might occur an in environment, or you might have to create one for yourself

49
Q

Forgetting

A

The inability to retrieve memory from long-term storage

50
Q

Seven Sins of Memory

A

transience, absentmindedness, blocking, persistence (all related to forgetting and remembering), misattribution, suggestiblity and bias (all related to distortions of memory)

51
Q

Transience

A

Forgetting over time; results from interference

52
Q

Proactive Interference

A

When prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information. E.g., if you get a new phone number, remembering the old one might interfere with remembering the new one.

53
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

New information inhibits ability to remember old information; might have trouble remembering your old address, because you remember your new address

54
Q

Blocking

A

The temporary inability to remember something that is known; failing to remember the name of a person you meet on the street; tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, often due to interference from words that are similar in sound or meaning.

55
Q

Absentmindedness

A

The inattentive or shallow coding of events; losing your keys because you were answering your phone when you put them down

56
Q

Amnesia

A

A deficit in long-term memory, resulting from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma, in which the individual loses the ability to retrieve vast quantities of information from long-term memory.

57
Q

Retrograde Amnesia

A

A condition in which people lose past memories such as memories for events, facts, people or even personal information.

58
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

A condition in which people lose the ability to form new memories

59
Q

Persistence

A

The continual recurrence of unwanted memories, such as remembering an embarrassing faux pas. PTSD is also an example of persistence.

60
Q

Memory Bias

A

The changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current beliefs or attitudes

61
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

Vivid episodic memories for the circumstances in which people first learned of a surprising, consequential, or emotionally arousing event.

62
Q

von Restorff Effect

A

A distinctive event might be recalled more easily than a trivial event, however inaccurate the result.

63
Q

Source Misattribution

A

Memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with memory.

64
Q

Sleeper Effect

A

An argument is initially not very persuasive because it comes from a questionable source, but becomes more persuasive over time, as you forget the source. Example of source misattribution.

65
Q

Source amnesia

A

A type of amnesia that occurs when a person shows memory for an event but cannot remember where he or she encountered the information.

66
Q

Cryptomnesia

A

A type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he or she has come up with a new idea, yet has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to the proper source.

67
Q

Suggestibility

A

The development of biased memories from misleading information. Eg. asking a question that suggest something, such as “did the car stop at the stop sign” when the video showed a yield sign

68
Q

Confabulation

A

The unintended false recollection of episodic memories. Can be associated with brain injury. Eg. Capgras Syndrome, where people believe their family members have been replaced with imposters.

Psychology (11 decks)

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