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Psychology > Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychopathology

A

Sickness or disorder of the mind

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2
Q

Etiology

A

Factors that contribute to the development of a disorder

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3
Q

Multiaxial System

A

The system used in the DSM; it calls for assessment along five axes that describe important mental health factors

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4
Q

Axis I of Multiaxial System

A

Clinical disorders and other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention (eg., schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, sexual and gender disorders, sleep disorders, eating disorders)

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5
Q

Axis II of Multiaxial System

A

Mental retardation and personality disorders (eg., antisocial personality disorder, paranoid personality disorder, borderline personality disorder)

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6
Q

Axis III of Multiaxial System

A

General medical conditions that may be relevant to mental disorders (eg., cancer, epilepsy, obesity, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease

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7
Q

Axis IV of Multiaxial System

A

Psychosocial and environmental problems that might affect the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of mental disorders (eg., unemployment, divorce, legal problems, homelessness, parental overprotection)

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8
Q

Axis V of Multiaxial System

A

Global assessment of functioning (social, psychological, and occupational) rated on a scale from 1 to 100 with 1 representing danger of hurting self or others and 100 meaning superior functioning in a wide range of areas

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9
Q

Categorical

A

Potential problem with psychological diagnosis–diagnosis is categorical and a person is either in the category or not

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10
Q

Dimensional Approach

A

Approach in which mental disorders are considered along a continuum in which people vary in degree rather than in kind

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11
Q

Assessment

A

In psychology, examination of a person’s mental state to diagnose possible psychological disorders

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12
Q

Mental Status Exam

A

Provides a snapshot of a patients psychological functioning. May be administered when patients are in emergency room

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13
Q

Unstructured Interview

A

Topics vary as interviewer probes aspects of person’s problems. Guided by past experiences of interviewer, observations, and types of problems most likely. Highly variable and overly dependent on interviewer’s skills

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14
Q

Structured Interview

A

Clinicians ask standardized questions in the same order each time. Answers are coded according to predetermined formula and diagnosis is based on specific patterns of responding

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15
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

A

567 true/false questions that asses emotions, thought,s and behavior. Has 10 clinical scales (eg. paranoia, depression, mania, hysteria). May help indicate whether a person has a psychological disorder

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16
Q

Evidence-based assessment

A

Approach to clinical evaluation in which research guides the evaluation of psychopathology, the selection of appropriate psychological tests and neuropsychological methods, and the use of critical thinking to make a diagnosis.

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17
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

A diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event

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18
Q

Family Systems Model

A

A diagnostic model that considers symptoms within an individual as the result of the interaction between individuals and their cultures

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19
Q

Sociocultural Model

A

A diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of interaction between individuals and their cultures; schizophrenia is more common among lower socioeconomic classes; could be due to differences in lifestyles, expectations, and opportunities between classes

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20
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Approach

A

A diagnostic model that views psychopathology as the result of learned, maladaptive thoughts and beliefs (from classical and operant conditioning)

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21
Q

Internalizing Disorders

A

Characterized by negative emotions, and can be groups into categories that reflect the emotions of distress and fear. Eg. major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder. More common in females.

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22
Q

Externalizing Disorders

A

Characterized by disinhibition. Includes alcoholism, conduct disorders, and antisocial personality disorders. More common in males.

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23
Q

Cultural Syndromes

A

Disorders that include a cluster of symptoms that are found in specific cultural groups or regions

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24
Q

Anxiety Disorder

A

Excessive fear and anxiety in the absence of true danger.

25
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A

Fear of being negatively evaluated by others. Can include fear of public speaking, speaking up in class, meeting new people and eating in front of others

26
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

A diffuse state of constant anxiety not associated with any specific object or event

27
Q

Panic Disorder

A

An anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror

28
Q

Agoraphobia

A

An anxiety disorder marked by fear of being in situations in which escape may be difficult or impossible

29
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A

A disorder characterized by frequent intrusive thoughts and compulsive actions

30
Q

Obsessions

A

Recurrent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts ideas or mental images; fear of contamination, accidents, one’s own aggression

31
Q

Compulsions

A

Particular acts OCD patients feel driven to perform over and over again

32
Q

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A

A disorder that involves frequent nightmares, intrusive thoughts, and flashbacks related to an earlier trauma

33
Q

Depressive Disorders

A

feature persistent and pervasive feelings of sadness

34
Q

Bipolar Disorders

A

Involve radical fluctuations in mood

35
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

A disorder characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normal pleasurable activities.

36
Q

Persistent Depressive Disorder

A

A form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depressive disorder

37
Q

Cognitive Triad

A

According to Beck, people suffering from depression perceive themselves, their situations and the future negatively. These perceptions influence each other and contribute to the disorder.

38
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

A cognitive model of depression in which people feel unable to control events in their lives. come to expect bat things will happen to them and believe they are powerless to avoid negative events

39
Q

Manic Episodes

A

Last at least one week and are characterized by abnormally and persistently elevated mood, increased activity, diminished need for sleep, grandiose ideas, racing thoughts and extreme distractability

40
Q

Bipolar I Disorder

A

Mood disorder characterized by extremely elevated moods during manic episodes. Experience depression as well, but diagnosis can be made merely based on mania. Impairment to daily living is mania.

41
Q

Bipolar II Disorder

A

Mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of extremely depressed and mildly elevated moods. Impairment to daily living is depression.

42
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A psychological disorder characterized by a split between thought and emotion; it involves alterations in thoughts, in perceptions, or in consciousness

43
Q

Psychotic Disorder

A

Disorder involving alterations in thought, perceptions, or consciousness

44
Q

Delusions

A

False beliefs based on incorrect inferences about reality. Include Persecutory, Referential, Grandiose. See table in book if important.

45
Q

Hallucinations

A

False sensory perceptions that are experienced without an external source

46
Q

Disorganized Speech

A

Speaking in an incoherent fashion that involves frequently changing topics and saying strange or inappropriate things.

47
Q

Disorganized Behavior

A

Acting in strange or unusual ways, including strange movement of limbs, bizarre speech, and inappropriate self-care, such as failing to dress properly or bathe.

48
Q

Catatonic Behavior

A

Showing a decrease in responsiveness to an environment

49
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

Symptoms of schizophrenia that are marked by deficits in functioning, such as apathy, lack of emotion, and slowed speech and movement. Less responsive to medication

50
Q

Five factors that predict the onset of psychotic disorders

A

family history of schizophrenia, greater social impairment, higher levels of suspicion/paranoia, history of substance abuse, and higher levels of unusual thoughts.

51
Q

Personality Disorder

A

Causes people to consistently behave in maladaptive ways, show a more extreme level of maladaptive behavior, and experience more personal distress and more problems as a result of their behavior.

52
Q

Personality Disorders Cluster A

A

Odd or Eccentric behavior. Includes paranoid (tense, guarded, suspicions), schizoid, (socially isolated, restricted emotional expression), and schizotypal (peculiarities of thought, appearance and behavior that are disconcerting to others; emotionally detached and isolated)

53
Q

Personality Disorders Cluster B

A

Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior. Includes Histrionic (seductive behavior; needs immediate gratification and constant reassurance; rapidly changing moods; shallow emotions) Narcissistic (Self absorbed; expects special treatment and adulation) Borderline (Cannot stand to be alone; intense, unstable moods and personal relationships; chronic anger; drug and alcohol abuse) and Antisocial (Manipulative, exploitative; dishonest; disloyal; lacking in guilt)

54
Q

Personality Disorders Cluster C

A

Anxious or fearful behavior. Includes Avoidant (Easily hurt and embarrassed; few close friends; sticks to routines to avoid new and possibly stressful experiences), Dependent (Wants others to make decisions; needs constant advice and reassurance; fears being alone), Obsessive-Compulsive (Perfectionistic; overconscientious; indecisive; preoccupied with details; stiff; unable to express affection.

55
Q

Borderline Personality Disorder

A

A personality disorder characterized by disturbances in identity, in affect, and in impulse control. Lack a strong sense of self, and are emotionally unstable.

56
Q

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A

A personality marked by a lack of empathy and remorse. Catchall diagnosis for people who behave in socially undesirable ways

57
Q

Asperger’s Syndrome

A

Child with Asperger’s has normal intelligence but deficits in social interaction, which reflect an underdeveloped theory of mind.

58
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

A developmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interaction, by impaired communication, and by restricted interests.

59
Q

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

A

A disorder characterized by restlessness, inattentiveness, and impulsivity

Psychology (11 decks)

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