Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Chapter 6: Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Learning Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Learning

A

A relatively enduring change in behavior, which results from experience. Learning allows an animal to better adapt to their environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Conditioning

A

A process in which environmental stimuli and behavioral responses become connected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Occurs when you learn that two types of events go together, e.g. certain music and a scary scene in a movie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Operant or Instrumental Conditioning

A

Occurs when you learn that a behavior leads to a particular outcome, e.g. studying leads to better grades

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Conditioning Trial

A

Neutral stimulus is presented with the thing to be associated with it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Critical Trial

A

Neutral stimulus presented without the thing that was associated with it, and reaction (like salivating) is measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning

A

A type of learned response; a neutral object comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces the response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

A response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

A stimulus that elicits a response, such as a reflex, without any prior learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Conditioned Response

A

A response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has to be learned

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Acquisition

A

The gradual formation of an association between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Contiguity

A

The critical element in the acquisition of a learned association is that the stimuli occur together in time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Extinction

A

A process in which the conditioned response is weakened when the conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

A process in which a previously extinguished response reemerges after the presentation of the conditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

Learning that occurs when stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus produce the conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

A differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Second-Order Conditioning

A

A conditioned stimulus becomes associated with other stimuli associated with the unconditioned stimulus, rather than the conditioned stimulus itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Phobia

A

An acquired fear that is out of proportion to the real threat of an object or of a situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Fear Conditioning

A

The classical training of animals to fear neutral objets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Counterconditioning

A

Classical conditioning technique used to treat phobias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Biological Preparedness

A

Argument by Martin Seligman that animals are genetically programmed to fear specific objects

23
Q

Cognitive Perspective on learning

A

Psychologists’ increasing consideration of mental processes such as prediction and expectancy on learning

24
Q

Rescorla-Wagner model

A

A cognitive model of classical conditioning; it states that the strength of the CS-US association is determined by the extent to which the unconditioned stimulus is unexpected or surprising

25
Q

Blocking effect

A

Once a conditioned stimulus is learned, it can prevent the acquisition of a new conditioned stimulus

26
Q

Occasion Setter

A

A stimulus associated with a conditioned stimulus that acts as a trigger for the conditioned stimulus

27
Q

Law of Effect

A

Thorndike’s general theory of learning: any behavior that leads to a “satisfying state of affairs” is likely to occur again, and any behavior that leads to an “annoying state of affairs” is less likely to occur again

28
Q

Reinforcer

A

A stimulus that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated

29
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcing behaviors that are increasingly similar to the desired behavior

30
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

ones that satisfy biological needs

31
Q

Secondary Reinforcers

A

Events or objects that serve as reinforcers but do not satisfy biological needs. They are established through classical conditioning

32
Q

Premack Principle

A

A more valued activity can be used to reinforce the performance of a less valued activity

33
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

The administration of a stimulus to increase the probability of a behavior’s being repeated

34
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

The removal of a stimulus (probably an unpleasant one) to increase the probability of a behavior’s being repeated. Not the same as punishment.

35
Q

Positive Punishment

A

The administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior’s recurring

36
Q

Negative Punishment

A

The removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior’s recurring

37
Q

Continuous Reinforement

A

A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced each time it occurs

38
Q

Partial Reinforcement

A

A type of learning in which behavior is reinforced intermittently

39
Q

Ratio Schedule

A

A schedule in which reinforcement is based on the number of times the behavior occurs (form of partial reinforcement)

40
Q

Interval Schedule

A

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a specific unit of time (form of partial reinforcement)

41
Q

Fixed Schedule

A

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a specific number of occurrences or after a specific amount of time

42
Q

Variable Schedule

A

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided at different rates or at different times

43
Q

Partial-Reinforcement Extinction Effect

A

The greater persistence of behavior under partial reinforcement than under continuous reinforcement

44
Q

Behavior Modification

A

The use of operant-conditioning techniques to eliminate unwanted behaviors and replace them with desirable ones

45
Q

Cognitive map

A

A visual/spacial representation of an environment

46
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement

47
Q

Meme

A

A unit of knowledge transmitted within a culture

48
Q

Observational Learning

A

The acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to at least one performance of the behavior

49
Q

Vicarious Learning

A

Learning the consequences of an action by watching others being rewarded or punished for performing the action

50
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

Neurons that are activated when one observes another individual engage in an action and when one performs the action that was observed.

51
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in behavioral response after repeated exposure to nonthreatening stimulus

52
Q

Sensitization

A

An increase in behavioral response after exposure to a threatening stimulus

53
Q

Long-Term Potentiation

A

The strengthening of a synaptic connection, making the postsynaptic neurons more easily activated

Psychology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions