Explanations For Forgetting Retrieval Failure

Question 1

What’s a reason people forget information

Answer 1

Because of insufficient cues

Question 2

What is retrieval failure

Answer 2

A form of forgetting it occurs when we don’t have the necessary cues to access memory.the memory is available but not accessible unless suitable cue is provided

Question 3

What is cue

Answer 3

Trigger of information that allows us to access a memory

Question 4

What is encoding specify principle

Answer 4

This states that a cue ( if it’s going to be helpful has) has to be both 1) present at encoding (when we learn the material) and (2) present at retrieval (when we are recalling it.

Question 5

What if cues available at encoding and retrieval are different

Answer 5

encoding and retrieval are different (or if cues are entirely absent at retrieval) there will be some forgetting, Some cues are encoded at the time of learning in a meaningful way. cue “STM’ may lead you to recall all sorts of information about short-term memory. Such cues are used in many mnemonic

Question 6

What are two non meaningful cues

Answer 6

Context-dependent forgetting - recall depends on external cue (eg. weather or a place).
• State-dependent forgetting - recall depends on internal cue (e.g. feeling upset, being drunk).

Question 7

What’s the procedure of context depending procedure

Answer 7

Procedure Duncan Godden and Alan Baddeley (1975) studied deep-sea divers who work underwater to see if training on land helped or hindered their work underwater. The divers learned a list of words either underwater or on land and then were asked to recall the words either underwater or on land.
This created four conditions:
• Learn on land - recall on land.
• Learn underwater - recall on land.
• Learn on land - recall underwater.
• Learn underwater - recall underwater.

Question 8

What were the findings and conclusion of c-d of forget

Answer 8

Findings and conclusions In two of these conditions the environmental contexts of learning and recall matched, whereas in the other two they did not. Accurate recall was 40% lower in the non-matching conditions. They concluded that the external cues available at learning were different from the ones available at recall and this led to retrieval failure.

Question 9

What was the procedure of research on state dependant forgetting

Answer 9

Sara Carter and Helen Cassaday (1998) gave antihistamine drugs (for treating hay fever) to their participants. The antihistamines had a mild sedative effect making the participants slightly drowsy. This creates an internal physiological state different from the normal’ state of being awake and alert. The participants had to learn lists of words and passages of prose and then recall the information, again creating four conditions:
• Learn on drug - recall when on drug
• Learn on drug - recall when not on drug.
• Learn not on drug - recall when on drug.
• Learn not on drug - recall when not on drug.

Question 10

What was the findings and conclusions of s-d forgetting

Answer 10

Findings In the conditions where there was a mismatch between internal state at learning and recall, performance on the memory test was significantly worse. So when the cues are absent (for example, you are drowsy when recalling information but had been alert learning it) then there is more forgetting