EXERCISE NO. 1 THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE Flashcards
The term ‘microscope’ was from the Ancient Greek [?], “small”, and [?], “to look” or “see”.
- mikrós
- skopeîn
are instruments designed to produce magnified visual or photographic images of small objects.
Microscopes
The microscope is an essential equipment in parasitology laboratory. While some parasites, such as the adult worms of [?], can be seen by the unaided eye, a microscope is necessary to make it possible to view their products such as eggs and/or larvae. and other parasites which are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
Ascaris lumbricoides, or Taenia species
There are many types of microscopes, and they may be grouped in different ways. Routine microscopic work in a parasitology laboratory is done using a [?]. It uses visible light to illuminate the specimen, and passes that light through two separate lens to magnify the image.
light compound microscope
When carrying the microscope, hold both sides around the
hole of the arm (Fig.1.1). Under no circumstances should one
attempt to carry two microscopes at one time. To prevent
damage, do not hold the microscope by the [?]
stage (1) orobservation tube (2).
Don’t let the [?] of the microscope dangle in such
a way as to hazard foot entanglement.
electric cord
Place the microscope in a [?]. Keep the workstation uncluttered.
stable flat surface
Microscope with rotatable observation tube may be used in two ways: with microscope arm near the observer or away from the observer. To change from one position to another, hold the [?] firmly with one hand while loosening the observation tube adjustment clamp and rotating the observation tube with the other hand to prevent it from accidentally falling off from the microscope and causing damage to the ocular lenses. Don’t forget to tighten the clamp .
observation tube
check the [?] to make sure they are clean.
lenses
• Rotate the [?] into position.
lowest-power objective
• Remove the [?] from the stage.
slide
• Clean the microscope surfaces free of dust or debris. If immersion oil has been used, wipe it off the [?] with lens tissue.
lens and stage
• Coil the [?] around the base of the microscope.
power cord
• Replace the [?] and/or return the microscope to to its correct place in the cabinet.
dust cover
• Replace the [?] and/or return the microscope to to its correct place in the cabinet.
dust cover
The microscope consists of different parts and can be
classified into four systems:
the support system
the magnification system
the illumination system
the adjustment system
the overall support
Base or foot
supports the observation tube
Arm or limb
objective changer
Revolving nosepiece
holds the slide specimen in place
Stage
This consist of a system of lenses.
MAGNIFICATION SYSTEM
The lenses of the microscope are mounted in two groups, one at each end of the
long tube - body tube.
The first group of lenses is at the bottom of the tube, just
above the object and is called the
objective
The second group of lenses is at the top of the tube and is
called the
eyepiece or ocular
The second group of lenses is at the top of the tube and is
called the
eyepiece or ocular
A microscope may be monocular or binocular.
A monocular has only 1 eyepiece for viewing objects.
A [?], which has 2 eyepieces, is used in most clinical laboratories because both eyes are used to view an object, thus reduces eyestrain.
binocular microscope
refers to the ability of an optical system to enlarge an image of a specimen. This is expressed as magnifying power - the number of times the image of an object is enlarged.
Magnification
is shown by a figure engraved on the sleeve of the lens (Fig. 1.4). The figures ranges from 4x up to 100x.
The magnifying power of each objective
magnifies 4 times.
magnifies 10 times.
magnifies 40 times.
magnifies 100 times.
- 4x (scanning) objective
- 10x (low-power, LPO) objective
- The 40x (high-power, , HPO) objective
- The 100x (oil-immersion) objective
are called dry objectives because they are designed to operate with air as the imaging medium between the cover glass and the objective front lens.
The 4x-, 10x-, and 40x- objectives
is called the oil immersion objective (OIO) because the tip of the OIO lens is immersed in oil.
The 100x objective
The magnifying power ranges from 10x up to 20x (Fig. 1.5)
Eyepiece (or ocular)
magnifies the image produced by the objective 10 times
a 10x eyepiece
magnifies the image 20 times.
a 20x eyepiece
built into the microscope beneath the stage. This is turned on by a main switch found near the base of the microscope or arm of the microscope.
An electric bulb
The light source can be a
halogen lamp or a light emitting diode (LED)
Microscopes that do not have built-in light bulb have a [?] that reflects rays from the sunlight or external lamp onto the object.
mirror
One side has a plane surface, the other a concave surface. The [?] side forms a low-power condenser and is not intended to be used of the microscope already has a condenser
concave
This is located between the mirror and the stage. It brings the rays of light to a common focus on the object to be examined.
Condenser
This is located between the mirror and the stage. It brings the rays of light to a common focus on the object to be examined.
Condenser
it can be raised to provide maximum illumination, and lowered to provide minimum illumination. It must be centered and adjusted correctly.
condenser
This is a series of thin plates found inside the condenser.
Iris diaphragm
Iris diaphragm has a [?] which can be controlled to open or close to increase or reduce, respectively the angle and therefore the amount of light that passes into the condenser.
central aperture
It is fitted below the condenser. It allows the passage of light of desired wavelength only.
Filter
is used to balance the light created by tungsten or halogen microscope lights.
Daylight blue filter
Because [?] can be designed to generate the desired visible light colors, there’s no need to use the traditional colored filters.
LEDs
This consist of: • mechanical stage control knobs (1) • observation tube adjustment clamp (2) • focus adjustment knobs: - coarse adjustment knob (3) - fine adjustment knob (4) • condenser adjustment screw (5) • iris diaphragm ring (6) • light intensity adjustment knob (7) • interpupillary distance adjustment (8) • diopter adjustment ring (9)
ADJUSTMENT SYSTEM
These are used to move the object slide on the stage.
Mechanical stage control knobs
This enables the observation tube of the microscope to rotate.
Observation tube adjustment clamp.
moves the specimen in a horizontal direction (left or right)
x-axis knob
moves the specimen in a vertical direction (backwards and forwards).
y-axis knob
This enables the observation tube of the microscope to rotate.
Observation tube adjustment clamp
This is the largest screw. It is used first to achieve an approximate focus. It is rotated to bring the specimen as close as possible to the objective.
Coarse adjustment knob
This moves the objective more slowly. It is used to bring the object into perfect/precise focus.
Fine adjustment knob
This is used to raise the condenser for greater illumination or to lower it to reduce the illumination.
Condenser adjustment screw
This can be moved to close or open the diaphragm, thus reducing or increasing both the angle and the intensity of the light.
Iris diaphragm ring
This controls the mechanism for preventing collision between the specimen and the objective
Pre-focusing knob
This regulates the eyepieces according to the distance between your eyes so that you observe a single image through the eyepieces.
Interpupillary distance adjustment
This compensates for the difference in the eyesight between the 2 eyes. to make diopter adjustments, one focuses first with the right eye.
Diopter adjustment ring
Additional features found in binocular microscope
Interpupillary distance adjustment
Diopter adjustment ring
The microscope must accomplish three tasks:
- produce a magnified image of the specimen
- separate the details in the image
- render the details visible to the human eye or camera.
So, other than magnification, properties of a good microscope are
resolution and contrast
The image of an object can be magnified when viewed through a
lens
is a function of the interaction between the visible light rays and the curvature of bi-convex lens, one that is thicker at the center than at the periphery
Magnification
When parallel rays of light pass through a biconvex lens, light rays are refracted (bent) and converge at one point called the
focal point
The vertical plane in which the focal point lies is the
focal plane.
The distance from the center of the bi-convex lens to the focal plane is known as the [?] (or focal length).
focal distance
The distance between the front principal plane of the lens and the object is known as the
object distance
The distance between the front principal plane of the lens and the object is known as the
object distance
In a similar manner, the distance from the rear principal plane to the image is termed the
image distance.
These parameters are the fundamental elements defining the geometrical optics of a simple lens and can be used to calculate important properties of the lens, including
focal length and magnification factor
When object is situated two focal lengths in front of the lens, the image is also [?] behind the lens.
two focal lengths
The lens is performing , i.e., the image size is the same as the object size.
1:1 magnification
For a magnified image to be observed, the object distance must be [?] than the focal length of the lens
shorter
In general, images are defined by the regions where and how they are
observed or perceived.
is an image which is located in the plane of convergence for the light rays (back focal plane) that originate from a given object.
real image
If a screen is placed in the plane of a real image, the image will generally become visible on the screen and appears [?] (reversed and upside-down). An example of real image is the image seen on a cinema screen (the source being the projector).
inverted
is perceived on the same side of the lens as the object; is produced on the same side of the lens as the object, such as the image produced by a simple magnifying lens. It is formed on the retina of the eye , therefore cannot be projected on a screen.
virtual image
virtual images always appear [?] to the observer.
upright
Parasitologic work uses [?] which is best for observing stained specimens and living organisms. Now we will describe how a brightfield microscope works in somewhat more detail.
brightfield microscope
passes the substage condenser, which forms a well-defined light cone that is concentrated onto the object.
Light from illuminator
Light is transmitted through the specimen and into the objective which then projects a primary enlarged image, called [?], to a fixed plane within the body tube.
intermediate image
The intermediate image becomes the “object” for the eyepiece to produce a secondarily enlarged image, called the[?].
final image
When the human eye is placed above the eyepiece, the lens and cornea of the eye “look” at the [?] as if it were 10 inches from the eye, near the base of the microscope.
final image
of the microscope is derived by multiplying the magnification values of the objective and the eyepiece. For instance, using a 10X objective with a 10X eyepiece yields a total magnification of 100X and likewise.
Total magnification
is the ability of the optical system to separate two closely adjacent objects into 2 distinct entities. Simply, this is the property of the microscope that determines
microscopic image clarity and richness of detail. One using a microscope would not want to observe magnified images of small objects only but also clear images, not blurry or fuzzy.
Resolution
is the ability of the optical system to separate two closely adjacent objects into 2 distinct entities. Simply, this is the property of the microscope that determines
microscopic image clarity and richness of detail. One using a microscope would not want to observe magnified images of small objects only but also clear images, not blurry or fuzzy.
Resolution
Increased magnification is useless without improved
resolution
Resolution is also expressed as [?], i.e., the shortest between two objects so that they can be and still appear separate; the smaller the value, the greater the resolution.
resolving power
The limit of resolution of unaided human eye is [?].
0.1 mm
The[?] is the precision for seeing. Its lens, made up of elastic proteins, shortens and thickens to focus on a nearby object; but it cannot anymore focus clearly on a object brought closer than about 10 inches.
human eye
At this distance the smallest object that an unaided eye can see is about [?] in diameter. This means that if a small object has a diameter less than 0.1 mm, such as the bacteria, the object cannot be seen by the unaided human eye. So, in order to see objects less than 0.1 mm, am magnifying optical system is used.
0.1 mm
The maximum resolving power of a light microscope with the highest magnification possible is [?]. It, therefore, cannot resolve structures smaller than 0.2 µm.
0.2 µm. (0.0002 mm)
To understand what factors determine resolving power (RP), it is expressed by the following mathematical equation: where � represents the wavelength of light used to illuminate the microscope and NA is thenumerical aperture.
(lambda)
represents the wavelength of light used to illuminate the microscope and NA is the numerical aperture.
(lambda)
Wavelength of light. Light source is a band of colored wavelengths in the visible spectrum ranging from [?]. (0.4-0.7 um)
400 to 700 nm
The [?] used must be shorter than the distance between the objects being resolved so that it can pass between them and thus can be seen clearly.
wavelength of light
is used in the light path below the condenser to limit the longer wavelength from entering the specimen, especially with tungsten or halogen lamp as illuminator.
Daylight blue filter
It is a measure of the microscope’s objective to gather light and resolve fine specimen detail at a fixed object distance.
Numerical aperture (NA)
Each objective has a fixed NA determined by the
objective design
The NA is engraved on the [?] of the objective, next to the magnification.
sleeve
Numerical aperture (NA) • [?] on the 4x • [?] on the 10x • [?] on the 40x • [?] on the 100x
- 1
- 25
- 65
- 25
is the refractive index of the imaging medium and [?] is the one-half of the angular aperture
n (eta)
µ (mu)
measure of the light-bending ability of a medium.
Refractive index
A majority of microscope objectives are designed to operate with [?] as the imaging
medium between the cover glass and the objective front lens.
air
Owing to the difference in refractive index of the glass (n about [?]) and the air (n = 1.0), some of the light projected through the specimen refracts and not captured by the objective lens
1.52
The objective lens would have to be increased in [?] to capture most of them.
diameter
At high magnifications, the accompanying loss of resolution reduces
image quality
By oil immersion technique using 100x objective, air between the glass and the objective is replaced by immersion oil, usually [?]. The oil has the same refractive index as glass, so the oil becomes part of the optics of the glass of the microscope.
cedarwood oil
The light rays do not refract when passing from one to the other when an oil immersion objective lens is used, This method produces images with better resolution at magnifications greater than [?].
900x
Light waves pass through the specimen and enter the objective in an
inverted cone
is the angle between the microscope optical axis and the direction of the most oblique light rays captured by the objective.
Angular aperture (A)
The [?] is one-half the angular aperture. It is a measure of the number of highly diffracted image-forming light rays captured by the objective.
angle µ
Higher values of [?] allow increasingly oblique rays to enter the objective front lens, producing a more highly resolved image.
numerical aperture
It refers to the difference in the intensity between the object and it surroundings to make the image stand out of the background. It renders the details visible to the human eye or camera.
CONTRAST
The [?] gathers light from the microscope light source and concentrates it into a cone of light that illuminates the specimen with uniform intensity over the entire viewfield.
substage condenser
It is critical that the [?] be properly adjusted to optimize the intensity and angle of light entering the objective front lens.
condenser light cone
Each time an objective is changed, a corresponding adjustment must be performed on the [?] to provide the proper light cone for the numerical aperture of the new objective.
substage condenser
Decreasing the aperture of the iris diaphragm will decrease the [?] but increase the [?].
brightness
contrast
For best image quality, the [?] must be adjusted to optimally balance the contrast and brightness of the image.
diaphragm
Another common method to attain such contrast is to change the [?] of object from that of their medium by staining them.
refractive index
[?] of an objective is the distance from the front lens element of the objective to the closest surface of the coverslip when the specimen is in sharp focus.
Working distance
In general, the objective working distance decreases as the [?] increases
magnification and NA
Working distance
- 10x objective: the working distance is
- 40x objective: the working distance is
- 100x objective: the working distance is
- 10x objective: the working distance is 5-6 mm
- 40x objective: the working distance is 0.5 - 1.5 mm
- 100x objective: the working distance is 0.15 - 0.20 mm
is the diameter (millimeters) of the viewable specimen area with the fixed eyepiece magnification measured at the intermediate image plane.
Field number (FN)
In typical eyepieces, field number varies between [?].
6-28 mm
It can be found etched beside the magnification of the eyepiece. It has an effect on the viewable specimen area — the higher the FN, the greater [?] is visible through the eyepiece
Field number (FN) range of specimen features
is the ability of an optical system to retain focus even when objective magnification is changed. Objectives are mounted on a rotating nosepiece in such a way that as the objectives are changed, the focal plane stays the same. Once a clear image is attained under LPO, one should be able to change to a higher power objective lens with only minimal use of the focusing adjustment.
Parfocality
is the ability of an optical system to retain focus even when objective magnification is changed. Objectives are mounted on a rotating nosepiece in such a way that as the objectives are changed, the focal plane stays the same. Once a clear image is attained under LPO, one should be able to change to a higher power objective lens with only minimal use of the focusing adjustment.
Parfocality
enables the user to switch between objective magnification and keep the specimen still within the field of view.
Parcentrality
Other figures that may be marked on the sleeve of the objective are the following:
- the recommended [?] of an optical microscope— defined as the distance in millimeters from the nosepiece opening, where the objective is mounted, to the top edge of the observation tubes where the eyepieces (oculars) are inserted. l- usually 160 mm.
- the recommended [?] used to cover the object slide - 0.17 mm
mechanical tube length
thickness in millimeters of the coverslip
also defines the range of useful total magnification.
Resolution
The maximum useful magnification of an image with a light compound microscope is about [?] (or usually set at 1000 times the numerical aperture [1000 x NA]).
2000x
Magnifications higher than 2000x is called [?]. This means that the image is enlarged, but no additional detail is resolved, will yield no further useful information or finer resolution of image detail, and will usually lead to image degradation
empty magnification
Since the final image formed by the compound microscope is a [?] of the real image of the object, the final image perceived is inverted (reversed and upside-down). Knowledge of this helps in understanding how to track moving object (such as motile parasite). The image observed through the microscope moves in directions opposite to the actual up-down and left-right movements of the specimen
virtual image
is the diameter (mm) of the view field measured in the intermediate image plane.
field number (FN)
because the the intermediate image is a product of the magnifiying power of the objective, one can compute the diameter of the view field measured in the specimen plane. This is called the [?]
actual field of view.
Actual field of view = [?]/[?]
Actual field of view = Field number/Objective magnification
For example: 10X eyepiece (FN=18) and 10X objective are used,
Actual field of view =
18/10 = 1.8 mm
The size of the object can be estimated in relation to the
field of view
The [?] is used for initial scanning during microscopic work in parasitology.
10x LPO
The [?] is used for parasite morphologic studies.
40x HPO
[?] is used for microscopic examination of permanently-stained smears especially for morphologic examination of protozoa.
100x OIO
The [?] is generally not used because it provides too low a magnification for detection of parasite.
4x objective
It is important to start and focus with the [?]. Once you have found a suspicious object, you can shift to higher magnifications using 40x HPO (or even directly using OIO). Make sure to position the object at the center of the low power field first before proceeding to focus in higher magnifications.
low power objective
Most microscopes are parfocal. It may be necessary to make a minor adjustment with the [?] to sharpen up the image.
fine adjustment knob
The coarse adjustment knob should not be used when [?] is in position.
higher power objective
[?] do require considerable refocusing when changing objectives.
Nonparfocal microscopes
A good quality microscope is also [?] so the image remains within the view field even when objectives are changed. If not, position any distinct object at the center of higher power field, revert back to LPO and locate that object.
parcentral
Any object that needs to be examined under higher power must be position in that area of the field first before using the [?].
HPO or OIO
The image cannot be brought in focus under LPO.
The pre-focusing knob is positioned [?] that the stage cannot be raised. To resolve this, [?] the pre-focusing knob to raise its position until the the image appears while manipulating the [?].
too low
rotate
coarse adjustment knob
After initial focusing with LPO, the image cannot be brought in focus under HPO or OIO (or the objective may even hit the slide when it is switched from LPO)
- The [?] is not set properly so that fine focus adjustment cannot be made.
- The specimen slide is [?].
- The coverslip is too thick. Use a coverslip with thickness of [?].
- pre-focusing knob
- upside-down
- 0.17 mm
The most common problem when locating or focusing an object under the microscope is [?] (i.e., too much brightness) due to improperly adjusted iris diaphragm aperture and condenser position which will affect the resolution
too little contrast
The [?] should be nearly closed under LPO, opened to increase the brightness as you switch to HPO, and opened fully when focusing with OIO.
iris diaphragm
The [?] of some microscopes has an objective magnification scale (4X, 10X, 40X, 100X) as a guide. Rotate the ring so that the magnification of the objective in use faces [?]. Ideally, the intensity of light should not be regulated by [?] with light intensity adjustment knob. A dim light reduces [?].
iris diaphragm ring
frontward
voltage control
resolution
Rotate the [?] to adjust height. The condenser should be [?] under LPO, and generally under HPO. However, it should be kept at its [?] where it allows a maximum amount of light to enter the OIO, although lowering it a bit increases [?].
condenser adjustment screw
racked down
highest position
contrast
While looking through the eyepieces move the eyepieces until both the right and left fields coincide; take note of the position of the index dot so that it can be quickly duplicated.
Interpupillary distance adjustment
To make diopter adjustments, one focuses first with the [?]. Without adjusting the [?], diopter adjustments are then made on the [?] by turning the [?] on the left ocular until a sharp image is seen. One should now be able to see sharp images with both eyes.
right eye
focusing knobs
left eye
knurled diopter adjustment ring
Specimen holder scales.
The position of an object observed under the microscope can be determined by reading and taking note of the x and y axis coordinates on the [?], respectively on the microscope stage. Even after the specimen is moved, it can be returned easily to the original position.
horizontal and vertical scales
Specimen holder scales.
The position of an object observed under the microscope can be determined by reading and taking note of the x and y axis coordinates on the [?], respectively on the microscope stage. Even after the specimen is moved, it can be returned easily to the original position.
horizontal and vertical scales
- The [?] can be read at position 1 on the specimen holder.
2. The [?] can be read at the position of index line 2.
- x-axis (horizontal) coordinate
2. y-axis (vertical) coordinate
How to establish the position of images seen.
Images observed in the microscopic field can be placed in relation to the[?]. For example, a schistosome egg is placed at “2 o’clock”
hands of a clock
Moves the microscope stage the greatest vertical distance from objective
Coarseadjustment knob
Corrects for any difference in vision between the viewer’s eyes
DIOPTER RING
Gathers and focuses light from the illuminator onto the specimen being viewed
CONDENSER
Modifies the wavelength of the observation light used
FILTER
Enables quick change of objectives
REVOLVING NOSEPIECE
Moves the slide forward and backward
Y-AXIS MECHANICAL STAGE KNOB
Controls the amount of light that illuminates the specimen
IRIS DIAPHRAGM
Produces the primary enlarged specimen image
OBJECTIVES
Used when focusing image under high power objective
FINE ADJUSTMENT
An adjustment that determines how close the objective lens can get to the slide
PRE-FOCUSING KNOB
1.Supports the observation tube:
ARM/LIMB
2.Holds the slide specimen in place:
MECHANICAL STAGE/ STAGE / STAGE CLIPS
3.This refers to the number of times the image of an object is enlarged.
MAGNIFYING POWER
4.What is the Refractive Index of a glass slide?
1.52
5.Optimal distance from the lens objective to the coverslip. It decreases as the magnification and NA increases.
WORKING DISTANCE
6.The ability of an optical system to retain focus even when objective magnification is changed.
PARFOCALITY
7.Enables the user to switch between objective magnification and keep the specimen still within the field of view.
PARCENTRALITY
1.When carrying the microscope, we hold around the hole of the arm and it is okay to carry t.
FALSE: onemicroscopes at a time
2.The higher the Numerical Aperture, the greater the Resolution.
TRUE
The final inverted image formed by the compound microscope is a real image of the virtual image of the object.
FALSE: (Virtual Image) of the (Real Image)
- Usually with 10x magnification
- Eyepiece
- Allows users to rotate the binocular observation tube
- Observation tube Clamping Knob
- Controls the mechanism for preventing collision between the specimen and objective
- Pre – focusing Knob
- Allows the user to regulate the two eyepieces according to the distance between their eyes.
- Interpupillary Distance Adjustment Scale
- Allows the user to see a single microscopic image through eyepieces.
- Interpupillary Distance Adjustment Scale
- Greatly reduces fatigue during focusing
- Interpupillary Distance Adjustment Scale
- Compensates for the difference in eyesight between your eyes.
- Diopter Adjustment Ring
- Prevents extraneous light from entering between the eyepieces and the eyes.
- Eye Shades
- Must remain folded is the user is wearing eyeglasses.
- Eye Shades
- Revolving Nosepiece - Allows the user to shift objective shifts
- Objectives - Generates the initial magnification of the image
- Allows the user to shift objective shifts
- Revolving Nosepiece
- Generates the initial magnification of the image
- Objectives
Scanning Objective
BAND COLOR:
POWER:
BAND COLOR: Red
POWER: 4x
Low Power Objective
BAND COLOR:
POWER:
BAND COLOR: Yellow
POWER: 10x
High Power Objective
BAND COLOR:
POWER:
BAND COLOR: Blue
POWER: 40x
Oil Immersion Objective
BAND COLOR:
POWER:
BAND COLOR: White
POWER: 100x
o Distance between the top surface of the cover glass and tip of the objective.
- Working Distance (WD)
o Ability of an objective to distinguish two points in an image.
o Expressed in Resolving power
- Resolution
o Corresponds to the F-number of a camera
o Direct relationship with resolution therefore the higher the NA, the higher the resolution.
- Number of Aperture (NA)
o Depth range of a specimen, in which focusing is obtained at a time.
- Focal Depth
o Diameter of the image observed through the eyepiece in millimeters.
- Field Number
o Diameter of the field of viw, expressed as the size of the specimen
- Actual Field of View
o Objective magnification multiplied to Eyepiece Magnification
- Total Magnifying Power/ Magnification
o Objective magnification multiplied to Eyepiece Magnification
- Total Magnifying Power/ Magnification
- Equipped with a stage clip to keep the specimen in place
Stage
Allows the user to determine the area of the specimen observed in terms of coordinates
Specimen Holder Scale
Elevates or lowers the stage to roughly focus the specimen
Coarse Adjustment Knob
Elevates or lowers the stage in smaller increments or pre-measured distance to refine focus usually after shifting to higher objectives.
Fine Adjustment Knob
Moves the specimen vertically
Specimen Holder Y-axis feed knob
Moves the specimen horizontally.
Specimen holder X-axis feed knob
- Directs light in parallel waves through the specimen
Condenser
Elevates or lowers the condenser to adjust the brightness in the field of view
Condenser Height Adjustment Knob
- Rotated to the corresponding objective in use to control the amount of light that enters the condenser
Aperture Iris Diaphragm Ring
- Has an objective magnification scale (4x, 10x, 40x, 100x) along the edge, making sure the scale corresponding to the objective in use faces forward
Aperture Iris Diaphragm Ring
- Turns the microscope on or off
Main Switch
- Adjust the intensity of light, must be set to zero before turning the microscope off.
Light Intensity Adjustment Knob
1 Connect the microscope to the [?]. Turn “ON” the microscope.
2 Rotate the [?] to adjust the brightness.
3 Place the [?] with the specimen facing upwards on top of the mechanical stage.
4 Use the [?].
5 Use the [?].
6 Use the [?].
1 power supply 2 light intensity adjustment knob 3 slide 4 Low Power Objective 5 High Power Objective 6 Oil Immersion Objective
Place the slide with the specimen facing upwards on top of the mechanical stage.
a. Open the [?] of the stage clip outward.
b. Slide the [?] from the front toward the rear.
c. Return the [?] gently.
d. Center the specimen over the [?] on the stage.
- bow-shaped lever
- specimen
- bow-shaped lever
- aperture
