Exercise 4: DIFFERENT ELEMENTS FOUND IN FECAL EMULSION Flashcards
are large cells containing abundant, irregular cytoplasm and a prominent nucleus about the sîze of RBC
Epithelial cells
They may occasionally appear folded and show all stages of disintegration
Epithelial cells
It is not unusual to find these in stool because they originate from the linings of the alimentary tract, represent normal cellular sloughing and have no pathologic significance
Epithelial cells
An increased amounts are more frequently seen in inflammation of
the bowel.
Epithelial cells
An increased amounts are more frequently seen in inflammation of
the bowel.
Epithelial cells
are large, mononuclear phagocytic cells with large vesicular nuclei.
Usually, the ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm in a macrophage is approximately 1:6 or 1:8
They may appear vacuolated and frequently contain remnants of ingested leukocytes and erythrocytes.
They show various degrees of necrosis and may appear as outlines of cells or ghost cells.
They can be mistaken for amoebic trophozoites but lack motility
Macrophages
are large, mononuclear phagocytic cells with large vesicular nuclei.
Macrophages
Usually, the ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm is approximately 1:6 or 1:8
Macrophages
They may appear vacuolated and frequently contain remnants of ingested leukocytes and erythrocytes.
Macrophages
They show various degrees of necrosis and may appear as outlines of cells or ghost cells.
Macrophages
They can be mistaken for amoebic trophozoites but lack motility
Macrophages
are round or slightly elongated with an irregular outline; measuring 10.20 p in diameter; cytoplasm is shiny, clear and granular with tiny vacuoles: and have multilobed nuclei
Leukocytes
The predominant leukocyte found in feces is the neutrophil (polymorphonuclear cell. PMN) and can mimic amoebic cysts
Leukocytes
When PMNs have been in tile gut for some time and have begun to
disintegrate, the nuclear morphology becomes indistinct; the normal
lobed nucleus is broken into fragments that are inconsistent in size and
shape, sometimes with a star-shaped false karyosome
Leukocytes
They are best seen when I or 2 drops of 10% acetic acid are added to a drop of fecal emulsion on the slide (identified using HPO).
Leukocytes
A few are normally present
Leukocytes
An excess (as few as 3/HPF) occurs in bacillary dysentery, other
inflammatory states and ulcerative conditions.
Leukocytes
may appear as smooth, non-nucleated, biconcave disks (a) measuring approximately 6-8 p in diameter, or the cells shrink and appear crenated (b) or irregularly shaped, or become swollen (c).
Erythrocytes
They do not occur normally in feces
Erythrocytes
Only found when the lesion (ulcerations or bleeding) is in the colon, rectum, or anus.
Erythrocytes
(a) are easily identified by their colorless, prism shape that resembles a coffin-lid
Triple phosphates
The most common (b) is the colorless, octahedral envelope.
Calcium Oxalates
They are associated with foods high in oxalic acids, such as tomatoes, asparagus, and ascorbic acid.
Calcium Oxalates
(a) appear as sheaves of large needles or short, delicate curved needles which may occur in such thick masses that the shape of individual crystals cannot be made out. When heated. they form globules.
Fatty acid crystals
(b) may be round, oval or irregular (like a section of a tree trunk), brownish-yellow or colorless, with lines radiating from the center, visible near the nm, and nothing in the center.
Soaps
They may occur as short, plump crystals or scales
Soaps
They are common after a fatty meal.
Fatty Acid Crystals and Soaps
(C) appear as round, or irregular, highly refractive globules.
Neutral fats
(d) appears as circular ring, usually perfectly round, very refractile, and margins are made up of several layers
Mineral oil
Note the differences of size in the preparation and the absence of contents
Neutral fats and Mineral Oil
are colorless, pointed, often needle-like
Charcot-Leyden crystals
They are released together with the disintegration of eosinophils.
Charcot-Leyden crystals
They may indicate presence of hypersensitivity, or ulcerative condition of the intestines, especially amoebiasis.
Charcot-Leyden crystals
are yellowish, or brown needle, or r1ombic forms
Hematoidin crystals
They occur after intestinal hemorrhage.
Hematoidin crystals
- occur in spirals or tubes having reticulated markings and come from the veins of leafy vegetables
Vegetable spirals or fibers
- have thick, double-contoured cellulose shells and contain chlorophyll bodies. They may be confused with parasite ova of vegetable tissue
Vegetable cells
has a honeycomb appearance
Cellulose framework
- have a homogeneous and highly refractive wall with a distinct central canal which extends the whole length of the hair wide and clean-cut at one end and tapered at the other end. They may resemble larvae of some worms
Vegetable hairs
- appear in varying sizes and shapes
- the smaller pieces are irregular or oval and are colored yellow showing they have been partially digested
- the large pieces have parallel sides and irregular surfaces and may show transverse and longitudinal striations; these are undigested meat fibers
Muscle Fibers
- consists of colorless or yellowish threads with poorly defined edges and indefinite longitudinal striations: they swell and become gelatinous when a few drops of glacial acetic acid is added
Connective Tissue
- generally accompanies connective tissue; its outlines are more definite, the fibers branch and do not swell but become more distinct in acetic acid
Elastic Tissue
are round or oval and elongated, but the outline is always irregular, with rough indentations, contain masses of starch packed closely.
Starch granules
They are whitish or grayish-yellow in color iodine solution turns it to violet.
Starch granules
These granules are the residue of starchy foods such as potatoes, beans, yams, or cassavas
Starch granules
1 Cocci and bacilli
2 They constitute about 1/3 of the weight of dried feces, most, if not all,
of which are non-pathogenic.
Bacteria
appear as small, refractile, oval structures (a) that may or may not contain a bud; often contain eccentric cluster of 3—6 small granules.
Yeasts
appear as branched, mycelial forms (b), or as arthrospores (C) that are rectangular, with a very clear oval cytoplasm inside.
Molds
They are rare and are usually a contamination from unclean vessels or from air.
Molds
They are rare and are usually a contamination from unclean vessels or from air.
Molds
are microscopic cells that compose a pollen
Pollen grains
Passage in stool results from ingestion or inhalation
Pollen grains
They are of different types depending on the geographical area and the local diet
Pollen grains
Their peculiar and distinctive geographical shapes and other features (saw-like or rounded projections. etc…) help to distinguish them from eggs of the parasites
Pollen grains
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