Exercise dependancy

Question 1

What is diagnostic criteria for exercise dependency?

Answer 1

Diagnostic criteria?

1) increased tolerance to PA
2) withdrawal effect
3) intention effects: over-exercising
4) lack of control
5) time effects
6) reduction in social and vocational activities
7) continuance despite illness/injury

Question 2

risk behaviors of ED

Answer 2

• significant weight loss
• marked increases in exercise behaviour
• preoccuptation with exercise and diet
• calorie counting
• exercise more after eating more
• cant sit still or relax

Question 3

physical risks

Answer 3

• muscle and joint damage
• muscle retardation
• dehydration or exhaustion
• strokes
• immunodefiency
• amenorrhea

Question 4

Bamber et al 2000 characteristics of primary ED

Answer 4

• exercise for intrinsic reasons
• preoccupation with exercise not accounted for by mental disorder
• preoccuptation causes physical,social,vocational impairment

Question 5

Bamber et al 2000 characteristics of secondary ED

Answer 5

Exercise is secondary to pathological preoccupation with body, eating disorders or athletic performance

• exercise used to control weight, punish, enhance performance
• exercise behaviour/effects are extremely salient
• low physical self-concept and esteem

Question 6

Bigorexia involves..

olivardia et al 2000

Answer 6

preoccupation with improving appearance through gaining muscle mass
-inability to control behaviour even when injured
-frequent steroid/supplment use
sufferers have:
- low self esteem, body satisfaction, body dysmorphia
-eating disorders, anxiety, mood distrubances
-experienced father-mother violence

Question 7

Sociocultural changes to male body

Answer 7

male ideal becoming less achievable, muscle fitness etc

Question 8

prevalence of ED?

Hausenblas and symons-downs (2002) found

Answer 8

3-13% college sample at risk of ED
40% symptomatic non-ED
% of at risk in general populous

Question 9

Mcnamara and McCabe (2012) found in elite australian athletes

Answer 9

34% risk of ED

at risk had higher BMI, extreme/maladaptive exercise, beliefs, reported high pressure, lower social support

Question 10

Theories of ED proposed by Hamer et al 2007 are

Answer 10

• personality traits
• anorexia analogue
• affect regulation
• psycho biological mechanisms

Question 11

Personality traits- predisposing traits are:

Hausenblas et al (2004)
costa et al (2016)

Answer 11

• Neuroticism/trait anxiety
• extraversion
• agreebleness
• low self-esteem
• maladaptive perfectionism
• preference for intense activities

Question 12

ED and internet use

Thinspiration (Quesnel et al 2017)

Answer 12

problematic internet use (PUI) predicts low body satisfaction, appearance comparison, drive for thinness

college girla at risk for ED present higher PUL scores and negative affect

Question 13

Magee et al (2016) profile of ironman athletes

Answer 13

30% risk or symptomatic

less healthy eating patterns;scored higher on psychological stress, lack of control, tolerance, withdrawal, intention, time,effects

Question 14

Primary vs secondary ED

Answer 14

Primary- indistinguishable from control
Secondary- reported higher levels of:
-psychological morbidity
-neuroticism
-dispositional addictiveness
-impulsiveness
-social dysfunction
but lower self-esteem

Question 15

however… interviews with ED1 found

Answer 15

presented symptoms of eating disorders
reported a history of psychological distress
raises the question of does ED1 actually exist?

Question 16

ED is a variant of anorexia

Obligatory male runners profile: Yates et al 1983

Answer 16

-introversion
-anger-inhibtion
-tolerance for pain
highexpectations/perfectionism
-depression
-denial of risks

Question 17

affective regulation according to Anshel 1991 and Hausenblas & symon-downs 2002

Answer 17

stress redution a primary motive for ED

abstinence results in marked increases in depression, anxiety, guilt, irritability, sluggishness

Question 18

Psychobiological, potential mechanisms according to Haeney et al 2010 and Beh et al. 1986

Answer 18

B-endorphins depedence
overtaining supresses SNS activity, EDs require exercise to feel alert

Addiction theory- hyper/hypoarousal with low self-esteem
EDs have a higher physiological arousal pre and post exercise

Question 19

Intervention strategies proposed by Adams & Kirkby (1997)

Answer 19

• rest and recovery
• education on ED risks
• substitute high with low intensity exercise
• monitor compliance and symptoms
• psychiatric referral

Question 20

Preventing ED in youth -Advice for parents(Mary Gavin, MD 2007)

Answer 20

• Involve kids in food preparation
• make activity fun and family orientated
• be a good role model
• never criticize body characteristics
• never pressurise kids in sport

Question 21

Therapy for ED Smith et al 2001

Answer 21

Pre: Obligatory exercises more fat anxiety and body dissatisfaction than non-obligatory group
post: both improved body image

Obligatory group did not change in physical activity

Question 22

Bratland-Sanda et al 2010 found in a norweign study that:

Answer 22

by giving therpay, education, art therapy and exercise classes that exercise dependence decreased but exercise completed did not change much