Exercise dependancy Flashcards
What is diagnostic criteria for exercise dependency?
Diagnostic criteria?
1) increased tolerance to PA
2) withdrawal effect
3) intention effects: over-exercising
4) lack of control
5) time effects
6) reduction in social and vocational activities
7) continuance despite illness/injury
risk behaviors of ED
- significant weight loss
- marked increases in exercise behaviour
- preoccuptation with exercise and diet
- calorie counting
- exercise more after eating more
- cant sit still or relax
physical risks
- muscle and joint damage
- muscle retardation
- dehydration or exhaustion
- strokes
- immunodefiency
- amenorrhea
Bamber et al 2000 characteristics of primary ED
- exercise for intrinsic reasons
- preoccupation with exercise not accounted for by mental disorder
- preoccuptation causes physical,social,vocational impairment
Bamber et al 2000 characteristics of secondary ED
Exercise is secondary to pathological preoccupation with body, eating disorders or athletic performance
- exercise used to control weight, punish, enhance performance
- exercise behaviour/effects are extremely salient
- low physical self-concept and esteem
Bigorexia involves..
olivardia et al 2000
preoccupation with improving appearance through gaining muscle mass
-inability to control behaviour even when injured
-frequent steroid/supplment use
sufferers have:
- low self esteem, body satisfaction, body dysmorphia
-eating disorders, anxiety, mood distrubances
-experienced father-mother violence
Sociocultural changes to male body
male ideal becoming less achievable, muscle fitness etc
prevalence of ED?
Hausenblas and symons-downs (2002) found
3-13% college sample at risk of ED
40% symptomatic non-ED
% of at risk in general populous
Mcnamara and McCabe (2012) found in elite australian athletes
34% risk of ED
at risk had higher BMI, extreme/maladaptive exercise, beliefs, reported high pressure, lower social support
Theories of ED proposed by Hamer et al 2007 are
- personality traits
- anorexia analogue
- affect regulation
- psycho biological mechanisms
Personality traits- predisposing traits are:
Hausenblas et al (2004)
costa et al (2016)
- Neuroticism/trait anxiety
- extraversion
- agreebleness
- low self-esteem
- maladaptive perfectionism
- preference for intense activities
ED and internet use
Thinspiration (Quesnel et al 2017)
problematic internet use (PUI) predicts low body satisfaction, appearance comparison, drive for thinness
college girla at risk for ED present higher PUL scores and negative affect
Magee et al (2016) profile of ironman athletes
30% risk or symptomatic
less healthy eating patterns;scored higher on psychological stress, lack of control, tolerance, withdrawal, intention, time,effects
Primary vs secondary ED
Primary- indistinguishable from control Secondary- reported higher levels of: -psychological morbidity -neuroticism -dispositional addictiveness -impulsiveness -social dysfunction but lower self-esteem
however… interviews with ED1 found
presented symptoms of eating disorders
reported a history of psychological distress
raises the question of does ED1 actually exist?
ED is a variant of anorexia
Obligatory male runners profile: Yates et al 1983
-introversion
-anger-inhibtion
-tolerance for pain
highexpectations/perfectionism
-depression
-denial of risks
affective regulation according to Anshel 1991 and Hausenblas & symon-downs 2002
stress redution a primary motive for ED
abstinence results in marked increases in depression, anxiety, guilt, irritability, sluggishness
Psychobiological, potential mechanisms according to Haeney et al 2010 and Beh et al. 1986
B-endorphins depedence
overtaining supresses SNS activity, EDs require exercise to feel alert
Addiction theory- hyper/hypoarousal with low self-esteem
EDs have a higher physiological arousal pre and post exercise
Intervention strategies proposed by Adams & Kirkby (1997)
- rest and recovery
- education on ED risks
- substitute high with low intensity exercise
- monitor compliance and symptoms
- psychiatric referral
Preventing ED in youth -Advice for parents(Mary Gavin, MD 2007)
- Involve kids in food preparation
- make activity fun and family orientated
- be a good role model
- never criticize body characteristics
- never pressurise kids in sport
Therapy for ED Smith et al 2001
Pre: Obligatory exercises more fat anxiety and body dissatisfaction than non-obligatory group
post: both improved body image
Obligatory group did not change in physical activity
Bratland-Sanda et al 2010 found in a norweign study that:
by giving therpay, education, art therapy and exercise classes that exercise dependence decreased but exercise completed did not change much
