Exercise, affect, mood and depression

Question 1

What is affect?

Answer 1

A general feeling state that is defined in terms of:
Valence- pleasure-displeasure
Arousal-high arousal-sleep

Question 2

Posner et al (2005) developed which model, displayed as?

Answer 2

Circumplex model and affect

x-axis unpleasant-pleasant
y axis- activation- deactivation

Question 3

Emotions are described as

Answer 3

Brief and specific affective states that are responses to events.

Involve adaptive functions:
Survival (e.g. disgust)
social communication
innate; yet can be socially manipulated

Question 4

Ekman (1973) describe 6 primary emotions which are?

Answer 4

Anger
Fear
Disgust
Joy
Surprise
Sadness

Question 5

Is affect apparent across species

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

What is mood described as?

Answer 6

Enduring feeling state accompanied with anticipation of pleasure or pain

Complex: influenced by temperment (intro/extroversion, traits (pessimism/neurotocism) and emotions

biases behaviours and cognitions

profile of mood states (POMS)

Question 7

Morgan (1980) completed POMS on runners finding

Answer 7

Runners scored low on tension, depression, anger, fatigue and confusion indices. however, scored very high on Vigour.

Question 8

Thayer et al., (1994) measured how individuals manage mood finding that the most common methods were?

Answer 8

• Exercise
• music
• speak to friend
• tend to chores
• sleep/rest
• reframing

Question 9

General consensus of mood benefits of exercise is that?

Answer 9

Regular involvement in physical activity appears to reduce depression and anxiety and improves mood (US surgeon general (2000)

10-15 mins of moderate intensity walking can induce positive mood changes (Department of health (2004)

Question 10

Carron et al (2003) identified that understanding of exercise-affect relations is limited by

Answer 10

• Inconsistency in concepts and methods
• Dose-response issues
• individual response differences
• expectancy and cohort effects
• ecological validity

Question 11

Yeung (1996) completed a meta-analysis identifying that?

Answer 11

• Exercise enhanced mood/affect for 85% studies
• effective for clinical and non-clinical
• effect weaker in strictest studies
• effects greater for self-selected exercise
• age,sex,fitness had limited impact on effects
• negative effects for females in late stages of pregnancy, hot, conditions, intense exercise

Question 12

Thayer (1988) anaylsed the dose response for exercise on mood affect finding?

Answer 12

20-60 mins bouts of moderate exercise (DoH,2004)
60-80% of v02 max (Yeung 1986)

yet 10-15 mins walk can enhance vigour and reuce tensions up to 7 hours

Question 13

If exercise makes us feel better, why arent we all exercising?

Answer 13

Affect becomes increasingly negative and variable at higher intensities* Hardy and Rejeski (1989)

affect during and post exercise may vary

maintenance and rebound models (different pathways for afferent changes)

Question 14

Rhodes and Kates (2015) impact of affect during/post exercise found

Answer 14

affect during, but not post, exercise predicted future engagement in PA

Exercise needs to be below ventilation threshold to promote future activity

Mechanisms of the effect remain unclear (intentions/slf-efficacy)

Question 15

Kwan et al (2016) anticipation effect: Positive PAA vs Negative NAA

Answer 15

PAA group anticipated more +ve affect and less fatigue during exercise; yet did not differ in experienced affect and future exercise behaviour

Question 16

Ekkekakis et al., (2002) do people respond differently to exercise?

Answer 16

track changes in affect before,during and post exercise

plot changes in affect across:
Valance (-5 to +5)
Arousal (1 to 6)

*add to this later

Question 17

Mcdonald and Hodgdon (1991) looked at does aerobic training/ fitness enhance affect long- term?

Answer 17

decreases in tension, anger, depression, fatigue and confusion.

increase in vigour

Question 18

Woo et al., (2009) potential explanations of mechanisms of change?

Answer 18

Mastery hypothesis
Distraction hypothesis
thermogenic hypothesis
Endorphin hypothesis
Changes in activation of frontal cortex

Question 19

Negative effects of exercise on mood?

Answer 19

Overtraining or burnout
Staleness
-Reverse POMS iceberg profile
-increased risk of clinical depression in elite athletes
-treat by reducing training load

Question 20

Does cessation of exercise result in negative mood changes? (Berlin et al., 2006)

Answer 20

• greater fatigue and less vigor at week 1
• more depressed at week 2
• fitness loss predicted depression