Exercise and depression Flashcards
Key symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD)
Persistent sadness or low mood and/or marked loss of interest or pleasure
at least one of these, most days of the time for at least 2 weeks
additional symptoms of depression?
.disturbed sleep .decreased/increased appetite .fatigue or loss of energy .agitation or slowing of movements .poor concentration or indecisiveness .feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt .suicidal thoughts or acts
Clinical assessments for depression
.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
. international classification of diseases
Research instruments/screening tools for depression
.Beck depression inventory
.Centre for epidemiological studies-depression scale
.Hamilton rating scale for depression
The adult psychiatric morbidity survey 2014 found
- 3% met diagnostic criteria for depression
- 8% comorbid depression and anxiety
1-3% children and young people
about 10% people in estimated to experience depression somepoint in their lifetimes
Prevelence rates?
Higher diagnostic rates in females
however males less likely to consult GP
males suicide rate 4x higher
higher among older adults
onset of emotional disorders associated with?
low social support, low income, separated family, perceived unsafe neighborhood
Chief medical officers report 2013 reported mental illnesses cost the UK economy?
£70-100 billion per year UK economy
Moderate to severe therapy for depression?
tricyclics
mono amine oxidase inhibitors
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
high intensity therapy for depression
cognitive behavior therapy
interpersonal therapy
psycho dynamic therapy
however drug treatments have side effects such as…
tricyclics: drowsiness, weight gain, dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, increased sweating
Mono amine oxidase inhibitors: hypotension, drowsiness, dry mouth
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: insomnia, headache, nausea
Self-efficacy mechanism for PA-depression link (Harris, cronkite and Moos 2007) and craft (2005)
exercise, increasing coping self-efficacy, decreases depression
Harris- ever +1 PA = -2 depressive symptoms
Craft- increasing self-efficacy led to decrease in depressive symptoms
distraction hypothesis for PA-depression
craft 2005
exercise- distraction from ruminative thoughts
craft 2005- it was shite.
Endorphins hypothesis for PA- depression
not sure if plasma endorphin levels reflect endorphin levels in brain
physical activity prevention
Annesi 2005 did
PA vs Homework after school- significant reduction in depresion scores
Physical activity for dpression:treatment
Babyek et al., (2000) did
3 interventions:
aerobic exercise
antidepressent
both
all groups compariable improvement in depression scores
exercise lower relapse in follow up
Lawlor and Hopker (2001) reviewed determining…
PA decreases depressive symptoms, however all studies had methodological weakness
Cooney et al 2013 found
PA reduced depressive symptoms similar to medicine. however studies with high quality found effect size non-significant =-0.18
Josefsson et al 2014 found
physical activity reduced depressive symptoms but with high quality studies PA was non-significant =-.043
Krogh et al (2017) included trials that only used diagnostic instruments finding
PA decreased depressive symptoms but when high quality effect was non-significant =-0.11
Implications for research:
no studies have shown negative effect of PA
need for larger, more rigorous studies
Callaghan et al (2011) preferred or prescribed intensity?
preferred: attended more sessions and significantly improvement in depressive symptoms, self-esteem, perceived social support
Chu et al 2014 workplace interventions
aerobic and resistance training found to work short term
more exercise sessions led to greater improvement in depression
Morres et al 2014 problems with PA interventions?
most PA interventions shows- lowest uptake and completion of all health referrals (loss of interest and fatigue)
reconmendations:
give autonomy support
support experience and competence
support relatedness
