Exercise and depression

Question 1

Key symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD)

Answer 1

Persistent sadness or low mood and/or marked loss of interest or pleasure

at least one of these, most days of the time for at least 2 weeks

Question 2

additional symptoms of depression?

Answer 2

.disturbed sleep
.decreased/increased appetite
.fatigue or loss of energy
.agitation or slowing of movements
.poor concentration or indecisiveness
.feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
.suicidal thoughts or acts

Question 3

Clinical assessments for depression

Answer 3

.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

. international classification of diseases

Question 4

Research instruments/screening tools for depression

Answer 4

.Beck depression inventory
.Centre for epidemiological studies-depression scale
.Hamilton rating scale for depression

Question 5

The adult psychiatric morbidity survey 2014 found

Answer 5

3. 3% met diagnostic criteria for depression
4. 8% comorbid depression and anxiety

1-3% children and young people

about 10% people in estimated to experience depression somepoint in their lifetimes

Question 6

Prevelence rates?

Answer 6

Higher diagnostic rates in females

however males less likely to consult GP

males suicide rate 4x higher

higher among older adults

Question 7

onset of emotional disorders associated with?

Answer 7

low social support, low income, separated family, perceived unsafe neighborhood

Question 8

Chief medical officers report 2013 reported mental illnesses cost the UK economy?

Answer 8

£70-100 billion per year UK economy

Question 9

Moderate to severe therapy for depression?

Answer 9

tricyclics
mono amine oxidase inhibitors
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

Question 10

high intensity therapy for depression

Answer 10

cognitive behavior therapy
interpersonal therapy
psycho dynamic therapy

Question 11

however drug treatments have side effects such as…

Answer 11

tricyclics: drowsiness, weight gain, dry mouth, blurred vision, tachycardia, increased sweating

Mono amine oxidase inhibitors: hypotension, drowsiness, dry mouth

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: insomnia, headache, nausea

Question 12

Self-efficacy mechanism for PA-depression link (Harris, cronkite and Moos 2007) and craft (2005)

Answer 12

exercise, increasing coping self-efficacy, decreases depression

Harris- ever +1 PA = -2 depressive symptoms
Craft- increasing self-efficacy led to decrease in depressive symptoms

Question 13

distraction hypothesis for PA-depression

craft 2005

Answer 13

exercise- distraction from ruminative thoughts

craft 2005- it was shite.

Question 14

Endorphins hypothesis for PA- depression

Answer 14

not sure if plasma endorphin levels reflect endorphin levels in brain

Question 15

physical activity prevention

Annesi 2005 did

Answer 15

PA vs Homework after school- significant reduction in depresion scores

Question 16

Physical activity for dpression:treatment

Babyek et al., (2000) did

Answer 16

3 interventions:
aerobic exercise
antidepressent
both

all groups compariable improvement in depression scores

exercise lower relapse in follow up

Question 17

Lawlor and Hopker (2001) reviewed determining…

Answer 17

PA decreases depressive symptoms, however all studies had methodological weakness

Question 18

Cooney et al 2013 found

Answer 18

PA reduced depressive symptoms similar to medicine. however studies with high quality found effect size non-significant =-0.18

Question 19

Josefsson et al 2014 found

Answer 19

physical activity reduced depressive symptoms but with high quality studies PA was non-significant =-.043

Question 20

Krogh et al (2017) included trials that only used diagnostic instruments finding

Answer 20

PA decreased depressive symptoms but when high quality effect was non-significant =-0.11

Question 21

Implications for research:

Answer 21

no studies have shown negative effect of PA

need for larger, more rigorous studies

Question 22

Callaghan et al (2011) preferred or prescribed intensity?

Answer 22

preferred: attended more sessions and significantly improvement in depressive symptoms, self-esteem, perceived social support

Question 23

Chu et al 2014 workplace interventions

Answer 23

aerobic and resistance training found to work short term

more exercise sessions led to greater improvement in depression

Question 24

Morres et al 2014 problems with PA interventions?

Answer 24

most PA interventions shows- lowest uptake and completion of all health referrals (loss of interest and fatigue)

reconmendations:
give autonomy support
support experience and competence
support relatedness