Determinants of physical activity

Question 1

Why should we identify the determinants of physical activity?

Answer 1

To tell us what to target when designing interventions to increase, maintain or change the quality of peoples physical activity

Question 2

Why should we identify the determinants of PA?

Answer 2

Help us tailor the contents of interventions to different audiences

Question 3

Health survey for England (2016) exercise and being deprived

Answer 3

more deprived individuals less likely to meet aerobic activity guidelines

Question 4

Health survey for England (2016) activity levels based on sex and age

Answer 4

Both sexes decreased activity with age- peaking 25-34 in males and 35-44 females.

lowest seen in 75+ for both sexes

Question 5

Health survey for England (2016) proportion meeting aerobic and muscle strengthening guidelines by age and sex

Answer 5

Males higher than females throughout

both sexes consistently lower with age. (peaking 16-24)

Question 6

Health survey for England (2016) number of children meeting recommended physical activity levels? (2008/12/15)

Answer 6

both sexes:
highest in 2008, lowest 2012 and slight increase in 2015.

higher throughout in boys than girls

Question 7

Sport england survey. Sport per region 2012 vs. 2016

Answer 7

Highest activity in south east and london

lowest in north east

Question 8

Dahigren and whitehead (1991) determinants of physical activity

Answer 8

Most central to least

Physical activity and active living

Individual determinants: beliefs, gender, age , skills

social environment: culture, social cohesion, income, equity

built environment:
transport, land-use patterns, urban design, green space

Natural environment: air, water, weather, topography

Question 9

Biddle & Mutrie (2015), Bauman et al (2012) and Condello et al., (2017) demographic determinants

Answer 9

Adolescence, adults and older adults: strong negative determinant

Gender: strong positive determinant for males

Education: Children not reported, adults some evidence for positive determinant

White collar job: some evidence for adults (positive)

white ethnicity: inconclusive

Question 10

Biological determinants:

Biddle and Mutrie (2015), Bauman et al., (2012), Condello et al. (2017)

Answer 10

Weight: strong negative determinant for adults

Health status: Not related in children, strong positive determinant in adults

Functional status: not related in children, strong positive determinant in adults

Question 11

Behavioral determinants:

Biddle and Mutrie (2015), Bauman et al., (2012), Condello et al. (2017)

Answer 11

Healthy diet: strong positive determinant in children and adult

Smoking: unrelated for children, strong negative determinant for adults

Sedentary leisure time: strong negative determinant in children, unrelated in adults

Previous PA- strong positive determinant in children and adults

Question 12

Psychological determiants: Allender et al., (2006) , Biddle and Mutrie (2015), Bauman et al, (2012), Condello et al. (2017)

Answer 12

Perceived behavioral control: children inconclusive, adolescents strong positive determinant, adults some evidence for positive determinant

Self efficacy- some evidence for positive in children, strong evidence in adolescents and adults

enjoyment: inconclusive

appearance value: some evidence in adolescents, Not related to Adults

Intention- inconclusive in youth, some positive evidence in adults

action planning- Not related to children, some positive evidence in adults

Outcome realization: not related to children, strong evidence for positive in adults

Question 13

Socio-cultural determinants: Allender et al . (2006), Biddle and Mutrie (2015) and Bauman et al . (2012)

Answer 13

Parental activity- N/A

Parental support- Children inconclusive, Adolescence strong positive evidence

Social support- some evidence for adolescence and adults

parenthood- strong negative evidence for adults

Question 14

Environmental determinants (youth): Biddle and mutrie (2015), Bauman et al. (2012), Wilk (2018)

Answer 14

Time spent outside- Children some positive evidence

access to recreational facilities: some positive evidence in children and adolescents

Proximity of homes and shops- some positive evidence in children and adolescents.

local traffic volume- some negative evidence for children

Question 15

Environmental determinants (adults): Biddle and Mutrie (2015), Bauman et al. (2012), van Stralen et al. (2008), Wedel-vos et al. (2007)

Answer 15

Access/proximity to recreational facilities- some positive evidence

proximity of homes,shops, aesthetics of area, social environment- all inconclusive

Active transport environment- some positive evidence

Question 16

Limitations on determinants of physical activity (why so many inconclusive results?)

Answer 16

Physical activity considered as one factor

different determinants for initiation and maintenance

little research on interactions between levels (e.g. environmental and psychological factors)

Question 17

Children self-reported motivators and barriers for PA: Carmichael (2012), Roberts and Marvin (2011), Biddle and Mutrie (2015)

Answer 17

Motivators

• Enjoyment
• Learning skills
• Being with friends
• competition (boys-young adolescence)
• health and fitness (sports players)
• weight control (female adolescents)

Barriers
Lack of time
too much home work
embarrassment/not being a ‘sporty’ person

Question 18

Adults self-reported motivators and barriers: Carmichael (2010), Roberts and Marvin (2011), Biddle and Mutrie (2015)

Answer 18

Motivators:

• maintain health
• to feel fit
• get outdoors
• weight control
• stress relief/relaxation
• advice from health professional
• independence (older adults)

barriers

• work commitments
• lack of time
• caring obligations
• lack of money
• lack of motivation

Question 19

Withall et al., (2011) interviews with residents and session leaders surrounding exercise

Answer 19

Attitudes:
-residents mainly positive but some saw exercise as irrelevant

Motivators/enablers:

residents: weight control,health

session leaders: weight control, health, socialising/enjoyment

Barriers:
residents- lack of confidence, reluctance to attend along, cost, perceived lack of competence, low priority/perceived lack of time, need for child care

leaders: lack of confidence, reluctance to attend along, cost, perceived lack of competence

Awareness:
residents: good awareness of benefits of exercise, patchy awareness of available sesions, power of word of mouth

leaders- power of word of mouth

Question 20

Implications based on determinants of physical actvity?

Answer 20

• need to raise awareness of availability of activity
  resources/sessions
• initial recruitment should appeal to motives of health and weight
• need to ensure there are sessions/facilities at accessible times and at low cost
• put special investment into beginner-targets resources/sessions, to build competence
• research what activities the population enjoy/prefer- widen the choice of activities