Determinants of physical activity Flashcards
Why should we identify the determinants of physical activity?
To tell us what to target when designing interventions to increase, maintain or change the quality of peoples physical activity
Why should we identify the determinants of PA?
Help us tailor the contents of interventions to different audiences
Health survey for England (2016) exercise and being deprived
more deprived individuals less likely to meet aerobic activity guidelines
Health survey for England (2016) activity levels based on sex and age
Both sexes decreased activity with age- peaking 25-34 in males and 35-44 females.
lowest seen in 75+ for both sexes
Health survey for England (2016) proportion meeting aerobic and muscle strengthening guidelines by age and sex
Males higher than females throughout
both sexes consistently lower with age. (peaking 16-24)
Health survey for England (2016) number of children meeting recommended physical activity levels? (2008/12/15)
both sexes:
highest in 2008, lowest 2012 and slight increase in 2015.
higher throughout in boys than girls
Sport england survey. Sport per region 2012 vs. 2016
Highest activity in south east and london
lowest in north east
Dahigren and whitehead (1991) determinants of physical activity
Most central to least
Physical activity and active living
Individual determinants: beliefs, gender, age , skills
social environment: culture, social cohesion, income, equity
built environment:
transport, land-use patterns, urban design, green space
Natural environment: air, water, weather, topography
Biddle & Mutrie (2015), Bauman et al (2012) and Condello et al., (2017) demographic determinants
Adolescence, adults and older adults: strong negative determinant
Gender: strong positive determinant for males
Education: Children not reported, adults some evidence for positive determinant
White collar job: some evidence for adults (positive)
white ethnicity: inconclusive
Biological determinants:
Biddle and Mutrie (2015), Bauman et al., (2012), Condello et al. (2017)
Weight: strong negative determinant for adults
Health status: Not related in children, strong positive determinant in adults
Functional status: not related in children, strong positive determinant in adults
Behavioral determinants:
Biddle and Mutrie (2015), Bauman et al., (2012), Condello et al. (2017)
Healthy diet: strong positive determinant in children and adult
Smoking: unrelated for children, strong negative determinant for adults
Sedentary leisure time: strong negative determinant in children, unrelated in adults
Previous PA- strong positive determinant in children and adults
Psychological determiants: Allender et al., (2006) , Biddle and Mutrie (2015), Bauman et al, (2012), Condello et al. (2017)
Perceived behavioral control: children inconclusive, adolescents strong positive determinant, adults some evidence for positive determinant
Self efficacy- some evidence for positive in children, strong evidence in adolescents and adults
enjoyment: inconclusive
appearance value: some evidence in adolescents, Not related to Adults
Intention- inconclusive in youth, some positive evidence in adults
action planning- Not related to children, some positive evidence in adults
Outcome realization: not related to children, strong evidence for positive in adults
Socio-cultural determinants: Allender et al . (2006), Biddle and Mutrie (2015) and Bauman et al . (2012)
Parental activity- N/A
Parental support- Children inconclusive, Adolescence strong positive evidence
Social support- some evidence for adolescence and adults
parenthood- strong negative evidence for adults
Environmental determinants (youth): Biddle and mutrie (2015), Bauman et al. (2012), Wilk (2018)
Time spent outside- Children some positive evidence
access to recreational facilities: some positive evidence in children and adolescents
Proximity of homes and shops- some positive evidence in children and adolescents.
local traffic volume- some negative evidence for children
Environmental determinants (adults): Biddle and Mutrie (2015), Bauman et al. (2012), van Stralen et al. (2008), Wedel-vos et al. (2007)
Access/proximity to recreational facilities- some positive evidence
proximity of homes,shops, aesthetics of area, social environment- all inconclusive
Active transport environment- some positive evidence
Limitations on determinants of physical activity (why so many inconclusive results?)
Physical activity considered as one factor
different determinants for initiation and maintenance
little research on interactions between levels (e.g. environmental and psychological factors)
Children self-reported motivators and barriers for PA: Carmichael (2012), Roberts and Marvin (2011), Biddle and Mutrie (2015)
Motivators
- Enjoyment
- Learning skills
- Being with friends
- competition (boys-young adolescence)
- health and fitness (sports players)
- weight control (female adolescents)
Barriers
Lack of time
too much home work
embarrassment/not being a ‘sporty’ person
Adults self-reported motivators and barriers: Carmichael (2010), Roberts and Marvin (2011), Biddle and Mutrie (2015)
Motivators:
- maintain health
- to feel fit
- get outdoors
- weight control
- stress relief/relaxation
- advice from health professional
- independence (older adults)
barriers
- work commitments
- lack of time
- caring obligations
- lack of money
- lack of motivation
Withall et al., (2011) interviews with residents and session leaders surrounding exercise
Attitudes:
-residents mainly positive but some saw exercise as irrelevant
Motivators/enablers:
residents: weight control,health
session leaders: weight control, health, socialising/enjoyment
Barriers:
residents- lack of confidence, reluctance to attend along, cost, perceived lack of competence, low priority/perceived lack of time, need for child care
leaders: lack of confidence, reluctance to attend along, cost, perceived lack of competence
Awareness:
residents: good awareness of benefits of exercise, patchy awareness of available sesions, power of word of mouth
leaders- power of word of mouth
Implications based on determinants of physical actvity?
- need to raise awareness of availability of activity
resources/sessions - initial recruitment should appeal to motives of health and weight
- need to ensure there are sessions/facilities at accessible times and at low cost
- put special investment into beginner-targets resources/sessions, to build competence
- research what activities the population enjoy/prefer- widen the choice of activities
