Excretory System Flashcards
Are two bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates. They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space.
Kidneys
Each kidney is attached to a ______, a tube that carries excreted urine to the bladder.
Ureter
Is the structural and functional unit of the kidney.
Nephron
Filtration occurs in the __________: one-fifth of the blood volume that enters the kidneys is filtered.
Glomerulus
The ______ participates in whole-body homeostasis, regulating acid-base balance, electrolyte concentrations, extracellular fluid volume, and blood pressure.
Kidney
The kidney accomplishes these homeostatic functions both independently and in concert with other organs, particularly those of the _________ system.
Endocrine System
Can be defined broadly as the elimination of metabolic waste products from an animal’s body.
Excretion
The excretion of nitrogenous wastes is usually associated with the regulation of water and solute (ionic) balance by a physiological process called ______________.
Osmoregulation
If the osmotic concentration of the body fluids of an animal equals that of the medium (the animals environment), the animal is an _____________.
Osmoconformer
An animal that maintains its body fluids at a different osmotic concentration from that of its surrounding environment is an _____________.
Osmoregulator
Animals living in seawater have body fluids with an osmotic concentration that is about 1/3 less (___________) than the surrounding seawater, and water tends to leave their bodies continually.
Hypoosmotic
Freshwater animals have body fluids that are ____________ with respect to their environment, and water tends to continually enter their bodies.
Hyperosmotic
Generally, marine invertebrates have about the ____ osmotic concentration as seawater.
Same
Ions and wastes are mostly lost by _________ via the integument, gills, or urine.
Diffusion
Freshwater invertebrates are strong ______________ because it is impossible to be isoosmotic with dilute media.
Osmoregulators
The most successful terrestrial invertebrates are the?
Arthropods
Some protists and marine invertebrates do not have specialized excretory structures because wastes simply _______ into the surrounding isoosmotic water.
Diffuse
Are energy-requiring devices that expel excess water from individual cells exposed to hypoosmotic
environments.
Contractile Vacuoles
Probably the earliest type of nephridium to appear in the evolution of animals was the?
Protonephridium
__________ systems function primarily in eliminating excess water.
Flame-cell
Exhibited by most annelids and a variety of other
invertebrates.
Metanephridia
The excretory organs in SOME CRUSTACEANS (CRAYFISH) because of their location at the bases of the second antennae and green color in crayfish.
Antennal (Green) Glands
In OTHER crustaceans (crabs, shrimp, lobsters), the excretory organs are near the maxillary segments and are termed _________ glands.
Maxillary Glands
INSECTS have an excretory system made up of the gut and _________ _______ attached to the gut.
Malpighian Tubules
__________ _______ end blindly in the hemocoel and open to the gut tract at the junction of the midgut and hindgut.
Malpighian Tubules
Are paired, thin-walled, spherical sacs bathed in the blood of bloody sinuses. Common among arachnids.
Coxal Glands
___________ lose water by evaporation, sweating or panting, elimination in feces and excretion by the urinary system.
Vertebrates
What are the 3 major metabolic wastes that must be eliminated?
Ammonia, Urea, Uric Acid
Vertebrates have a closed circulatory system containing blood that is under pressure. This pressure forces blood through a membrane filter in the ______.
Kidney
What are the 3 key functions that take place in a kidney’s membrane filter?
Filtration, Reabsorption, Secretion
In which blood passes through a filter that retains blood cell, proteins and other large solutes but let small molecules, ions, and urea pass through.
Filtration
In which selective ions and molecules are taken back into the bloodstream from the filtrate.
Reabsorption
Whereby select ions and end products of metabolism that are in the blood are added to the filtrate for removal from the body.
Secretion
Appears only briefly in many vertebrate embryos, and not at all in mammalian embryos.
Pronephros
Replaces the pronephros. Is the functioning embryonic kidney of amniote embryo and also adult fishes and amphibians.
Mesonephros
Embryo of reptiles, birds and mammals.
Amniote Embryo
Gives way to the development of metanephros.
Mesonephros
The most advanced kidney. Found in adult amniote.
Metanephros
The archinephric duct becomes the ductus deferens for carrying sperm. The kidney is more compact and located more caudally in the body.
Metanephros
Reptiles, Birds, Mammals:
Embryonic stage -
Adult -
Embryonic stage - Mesonephros
Adult - Metanephros
Cartilaginous Fishes, Bony Fishes, Amphibians:
Embryonic stage -
Adult -
Embryonic stage - Mesonephros
Adult - Metanephros
Reptiles, birds, and mammals all possess ___________ kidneys.
metanephric
