Endocrine System Flashcards
Is the system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone into the bloodstream to regulate the body. It is relatively small.
Endocrine System
Are chemical messengers that have many different functions.
Hormones
Some familiar examples of _______ include insulin, thyroid hormone, and cortisol.
Hormones
Are ductless glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood.
Endocrine Glands
The hypothalamus and pituitary glands are ______________ organs.
Neuroendocrine
Major hormones — anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin and various hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland
Influences - nervous and hormonal systems
Hypothalamus
Major hormones — luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), oxytocin, anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Influences — reproduction, growth, childbirth, breastfeeding, hormone regulation
Pituitary Gland
Major hormones — melatonin
Influences — sleep cycle
Pineal Gland
Major hormones — tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), calcitonin
Influence — metabolism, bone health
Thyroid Gland
Major hormones — parathyroid hormone
Influences — calcium and vitamin D regulation
Parathyroid Gland
Major hormones — adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol, aldosterone
Influences — stress response and blood pressure/salt control
Adrenal Glands
Major hormones — insulin, glucagon, somatostatin
Influences — blood sugar control
Pancreas
Major hormones — oestrogen, progesterone
Influences — female characteristics
Ovaries
Major hormones — testosterone
Influences — male characteristics
Testes
Specialized nerve cells capable of
synthesizing and secreting hormones.
Neurosecretory Cells
Most of the chemicals functioning as hormones in invertebrates are neurosecretions called _____________.
Neuropeptides
Insect physiologists discovered that molting and metamorphosis are controlled by the interaction of these two hormones.
Molting Hormone or Ecdysone - Juvenile Hormone
It acts directly as a gene regulatory protein to set in motion changes that result in molting. Favors growth differentiation of adult structures.
Molting Hormone or Ecdysone
Favors dev’t of juvenile characteristics. Maintenance of larval or nymphal characteristics during development.
Juvenile Hormone
They have no endocrine glands; also do not have
neurosecretory cells.
Porifera
Their nerve cells have growth promoting hormone that stimulates budding, regeneration and growth.
Cnidarians
Their cells are found in the cerebral ganglion and major nerve cords. The neuropeptides function in regeneration, asexual reproduction and gonad maturation.
Platyhelminthes
The neuropeptide that this ganglia produces controls gonadal development and water balance.
Nemerteans
Neurosecretory cells are associated with the central nervous system. The neuropeptide that the nerve cell produces controls ecdysis of the old cuticle.
Nematodes
Their CNS are filled with neurosecretory cells. Neuropeptides produced from these cells help regulate heart rate, kidney function and energy metabolism.
Mollusks
Their endocrine system is a well-developed system that is involved in morphogenesis, development, growth, regeneration and gonadal maturation.
Annelids
The endocrine system of complex __________ like insects and crustacean regulate growth, maturation and production.
Arthropods
In the endocrine system of __________ like crayfish, they control functions such as ecdysis (molting), sex determination and color changes.
Crustacean
What are the 2 types of glands of vertebrates?
Exocrine and Endocrine Glands
Secrete Chemicals into ducts that empty into body cavities or Surfaces (mammary, Salivary and Sweat glands).
Exocrine Gland
Have no ducts; Secrete chemical messengers called hormones instead directly into the tissue space next to each endocrine cell.
Endocrine Gland
Endocrine glands have no ducts; Secrete chemical messengers called ________ instead directly into the tissue space next to each endocrine cell.
Hormones
Produces melatonin; controls variations in skin color.
Pineal Glands
Produces prolactin; stimulates reproductive migrations in animals, causes brooding behavior in fishes, helps control water and salt balances, etc.
Pituitary Glands
In the neck on the ventral side of the pharynx in all vertebrates; shape varies among vertebrates: may be a single structure or it may have several lobes.
Thyroid Glands
Produces thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) which control the rate of metabolism, growth, and tissue differentiation in vertebrates.
Thyroid Glands
Regulates metabolism and concentration of blood sugar. Defense responses to infection or Tissue injury.
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Maintains concentration of solutes. Major role in maintaining the homeostasis of extracellular fluid.
Aldosterone
These are the weak male hormones.
Androgens
During stress, excitement or emergency, contributes to the overall mobilization of the body through the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenal Medulla
Responsible for the fight or flight responses.
Adrenal Medulla
What are the 2 neurosecretory cells of adrenal medulla which control heart rate and carbohydrate metabolism?
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradreline)
As Endocrine Gland – synthesizes, stores and secretes hormones from clusters of cells called pancreatic cells.
Pancreas
Functions both as an Exocrine (to secrete digestive enzymes) and Endocrine gland.
Pancreas
Secrete hormones that help regulate reproductive functions.
Gonads
What are the 4 major classes of ovarian hormones that help regulate female reproductive organs?
Estrogen, Progestin, Relaxin, Inhibin
Regulate menstrual and estrus cycle; development of mammary glands and other female secondary sexual characteristics.
Estrogen
Also regulate menstrual and estrus cycle; Development of mammary glands and formation of placenta during pregnancy.
Progestin
Softens the opening of the uterus at the time of delivery.
Relaxin
Inhibits the secretion of FSH.
Inhibin
