excretory system Flashcards
What is the full process of the excereoty system
Kidneys filter the waste. Waste moves into the bladder. It moves down a passage called the ureters and is excreted as urine through the urethra.
Where is majority of the nephron located
medulla
glomerulus inside the Bowman’s capsule is formed
renal arteries bunching together
Function of exctrotery system
removes waste and regulates water and ion concentration
What happens if the body did not have the exceorty system
buildup of toxins, nitrogenous waste, and other wastes that would kill you
Unrinary tract function andconsists of what
: produces and expels urine
Consists of:
Kidneys
ureters
bladder
Urethra
Blood supplt of the kidney is
renal artery
renal artery
carries blood to the kiidney
Function of renal veins
carry blood away from the kindey
Renal pelvis
an extension of the urethra that collects urine
Nephron:
functional unit of kidneys
Capillaries
transport blood
2 types of arterioles
afferent arterioles
efferent arterioles
efferent arteriole
move blood away from nephrons
afferent arteriole
deliver blood to nephrons
Parts of a nephron ->
The Bowman’s capsule connects to a long tube composed of the
proximal convoluted tubule,
the loop of Henle,
the distal convoluted tubule
the collecting duct
Hydrostatic pressure exceeds that of
osmotic and bowman’s capsule pressure
The hydrostatic pressure effects the nephron as i
increasing the hydrositiatc pressure inside a bowman’s cpasulce will decrease the glomerular filtration rate whilst decreasing they hydrostatic pressure will increase the glomrelular filtration rate.
increasing the osmotic pressure in the bowman’s caspsucle
decrease glomerular filtration and vice versa
Osmtoitc pressure
the pressure that pulls fluid into the glomeular capillary from the bowman’s capsule (due to the presence of proteins inthe capillary)
Bowman’s capsule function
collrects the filtrate from the glomelerus
what is hydrostatic pressure/what is the pressure in the glomerularly capillary
the pressure that forces fluid out of the gloemualr capillary into the bowman’s capsule
What kind of molecules can pass through glomerulus’ membranes
Only small molecules and water can pass through the glomerulus’ membranes: blood cells and large proteins remain behind in the glomerular capillaries
Proximal convoluted tubules function
erabsorbs ions and 65% of water and is able to secrete toxins and ammonia
How much water is absorbed via osmosi in proximal convoluted tubles
And why
As solutes have left the filtrate, about 65% of water is reabsorbed via osmosis.
Loop of Henle (Loh) function
water is reabsorbed to create concencentrated urine
What process occurs in loop of henle
Water passively diffuses through the descending limb (reabsorption)
This makes the descending limb highly concentrated
This highly concentrated ions will move into the ascending limb where they will be actively pumped out of the tubules
The cycle repeats
What is the loop of henle composedof
composed of
ascending loop of henle
descending loop of henle
Thick asnecnidg limb
Thin descending limb
How is reabsorption connected to the loop of henlee
whenwater is going through hte lop of henle back intoo the bloodstrems that is reabsorption
Distal convoluted tubule function
fine tunes the filtrate by secreting and reabsorbing substances such as water and ions according to the body’s requirement
Collecting duct (CD)function
filters and modifies the waste through reabsorption and secretion
What can and cant enter the bownmans capsule
proteins and white blood cells cabbit enter the enter the bowmans capsule onlywaste and water can
GLOMERULAR CAPILLARY HAS TWO TYPES OF PRESSURES
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
Glomerular osmotic pressure
what pressure is in the bownmans capsule and what does it do
BOWMAN’S CAPSULE PRESSURE
the pressure that pushes fluid from the capsule into the glomerular capillary
function of nephron:
excretes waste through filtration of blood
similariites between proximal and distal convulated tube
secretion and absorptioh
compare the structrues of pct and dct
PCT lies before the loop of henle and closer to the glomerular capillary
whereas DCT lies after the loop of henle and further away from the glomerular capillary
Rayna, a 25 year old lady, was in an accident
The doctors have done a CT scan and have noticed that her pituitary gland was destroyed
What will happen to her and why4 marks)
Pituitary gland is a master gland that regulates several different glands in your body.
Since Rayna’s pituitary gland was destroyed in the accident, her pituitary gland will not be able to secrete the hormones that regulates the different glands such as thyroid glands, ovaries, or adrenal glands.
this will decrease her bodily functions and will have a drastic negative effect on the way she functions in her daily life.
for example, if her pituitary gland does not release the hormone that activates the thyroid gland, the thyroid gland cannot produce thyroxine and thus her body’s ability to maintain metabolic rate and body development will be decreased
gland
an organ that produces and releases substances that have a specific function in the body
bladder
stores urine
bile function
breaks down fats into fatty acids
kidney
filters waste
the urethra
excretes urine
bladder
stores urine
ureteres
carries urine from kidney to liver
the steps to correctly describe the production of urine
- Blood is filtered under high pressure from the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule.
2.The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs glucose, ions, urea, and water.
3.Water and ions are reabsorbed in the loop of Henle.
4.Where required, more water and ions are reabsorbed from the collecting duct and distal convultde tubule. Some wastes may also be secreted into the filtrate
glomerulus
where the intital filtration of blood occurs and where blood is pumped to kidneys
describe how the process of the nephron
STEp 1: The high pressure in the glomerulus filters blood and the filtrate moves into the bowman’s capsule.
step 2: The filtrate then travels along the PCT where 65% of the water is reabsorbed and ammonia and toxins are secreted
step 3: Next. in the descending loop of henle, more water is reabsorbed making filtrate more concentarted
step 4:
Filtrate then moves into the ascending loop of henle where ions are actively pumped into the tubules as it is not permeable to water
step 5: DCT further reabsorbs water and secretes any waste products like toxins
step 6: Finally, the filtrate is highly concentrated and moves into the collecting duct where it is fine tuned to be excreted into the ureter
OUTLINE HOW URINE LEAVES THE BODY AFTER BEING PRODUCE IN THE KIDNEYS
urine will travelthrough the ureters into the bladder to be excreted out of the urethra.
structure of the kidney
outside is the cortex
medulla
renal pelvis
renal artery
rein vein
what allows chyme to leave tehe stomach
pyloric spinister
what enzymes are secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine
bicarbonate, trypsin, lipase and amylase via the pancreatic duct
what organ produces amylase, what does amylase digest, where does this digestion occur, what is the product of this digestion and what is the optium PH
salivary glands
starch
mouth
maltose
7(neutral)
what organ produces pepsin, what nutrients are digestd, where does this digestion occur, what is the product of this digestion and what is the optimal PH
gastric glands in the stomach
protein
stomach
peptides
1.5(acidic)
What organ produces bile salts, what nutrients are digested, where does this digestion occur and what is the product of this digestion and what is the optimal PH
bile salts are produced in the liver
Fats are digested
Occurs in small intestine
product is fat droplets
optimal ph is alkaline
What organ produces trypsin what nutrients are digested, where does this digestion occur and what is the product of this digestion and what is the optimal PH
PANCREAS
proteins
small intestine
amino acids
Alkaline
Lipase
Pancreas
fat droplets
small intestine
fatty acids and glycerol
Alkaline
organs compose dof the excerotory system
liver
kidney
lungs
bladder
skin
process of the excreootry systme
excess amino acids are transported to the liverWHERE deamination occurs to create ammonia(NH3)
ammonia is broken down into urea
urea is transported into the kidneys where it is mixed with water and solutes to form and be excerted out as urine.
NH3 what is and what happens to it
is ammonia which is toxic hterefore it is broken down into urea to be released from the body through deamination
deamination
proccess of removing an amino acid frm a molecule.
