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VCE BIO UNIT 1 CHAPTER 5 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

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1
Q

carbs

A

provide immediate enegry and act as a structular element

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2
Q

llipids

A

stored energy that act as struucual componets, hormones, energy, storage, insulation and shock absorption

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3
Q

proteins

A

structural componets that are required for growth and repair, act as receptors

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4
Q

Define digestion

A

the process by which food is broken down into a simpler form to be absorbed into the blood for the transfer to the cells.

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5
Q

Digestive system funciton

A

to ingest food, digest it, absorb nutrients from the food, and eliminate undigested material.

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6
Q

2 types of digestion:

A

Physical/mechanical digestion:
Chmeical digestion:

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7
Q

Chmeical digestion:

A

Chemical breakdown of food through enzymes and acids such as lipase, amylase and protease.

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8
Q

Physical/mechanical digestion:

A

Physical Breakdown of food through chewing, muscle contractions and churning.

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9
Q

4 STEPS OF DIGESTION:

A

Ingestion
digestion
Absorption
Elimination

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10
Q

Elimination

A

undigested food is removed from the body as fecaces

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11
Q

Absorption

A

most of the nutrients and water are absorbed into the small intestine and any remaining nutrients pass into the large intestine to be absorbed into the blood stream, whilst any nutrients that are not absorbed are excreted faces

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12
Q

Ingestion

A

phhysical digestion occurs as food is mashed in the teeth and chemical digestion occurs as amylase breaks down carondyrtaes

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13
Q

Ingestion

A

phhysical digestion occurs as food is mashed in the teeth and chemical digestion occurs as amylase breaks down carondyrtaes

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14
Q

digestion as a stepof digestion

A

bolus moves inot the stomach where stomach acids and digestive juices further break down the food into a liquid called chyme.

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15
Q

how does the oral cavity aid in digestion

A

food is grinded and where amylase breaks down carbs

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16
Q

how does Salivary glands aid in digestion

A

release saliva and releases amylase

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17
Q

how does the osopehagus aid in digestion

A

where pertalsis occurs

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18
Q

how does the stomach aid in digestion

A

food churns to become chyme, where protease digests protein, hydrhcolric acid is released

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19
Q

how does the liver aid in digestion

A

produces bile
lipase breaks dwon fat

regulates metabiolsim

removes and process nutrients

produces proteins

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20
Q

how does the pancreas aid in digestion

A

Digestive enzymes are produced when food reaches the duodenum in pancrease

regulates blood sugar level

responsible for secreting bicarbonate which neutralises acids in chyme

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21
Q

hwo does hte Gallbladder: aid in digestion

A

Where bile is stored and further concentrated before being released into small intestine

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22
Q

what 3 parts is the small intestine broke down into and function of small intestine

A

donedum, jejunum and ileum

function is to absorb nutrinets

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23
Q

Large intestine aid in digestion

A

Final absorption of water, vitamins and minerals

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24
Q

Appendix function

A

Plays a role in immune functions

25
Q

anus function

A

remove s faceses

26
Q

What is peristalsis

A

waves of muscle contractions that push food into the stomach which occurs in the esophagus

27
Q

What does pertalsiis do:

A

The contractions push food from the esophagisu into the stomach

helps mix chyme in the intestines with digestive enzymes nad bile

aids in reabsorption

28
Q

diffDifferienate the digestive systems in omnivores, canrvovores and herbivior

A

Omnivores:
Have sharp teeth to tear meat and blunt teeth to grind down PLANTS

Herbivore:
blunt teeth to grind down plants
Large digestive system

Carnivore:
Sharp teeth to tear meat
Small digestive system

29
Q

Why do carnviorse have a smaller digestive system:

A

because meat is easier to digest

30
Q

Why should humans not eat too many plants paritcularuraw?

A

Plants contain cellulose and humans don’t have the required enzymes to break cellulose down.

30
Q

2 distinct types of herbviores

A

Hingut fermenters

-Foregut fermenters

31
Q

hingut fermenters include example

A

contain single-chambered stomachs and extremely large cecums(fermenatation sites) eg. horse

32
Q

Foregut fermenters

A

multi-chambered, more complex stomachs and their fermentation site is the very large first stomach chamber eg. squirrels

33
Q

Amino acids

A

are used to construct and transport globular proteins

34
Q

vitamins

A

organic molecules needed by the body in small amounts for growth nad metbaolic processes

35
Q

Minerals

A

are inorganic compounds required by the body and are co factros that assist with enzyme function

36
Q

explain the whole process of digestion

A

Food enters the mouth where the physical breakdown occurs as the teeth mash the food and chemical breakdown occurs as amylase breaks down carbohydrates into sugars.

The bolus is then swallowed in the esophagus by pertaslsis and moves into the stomach

Once in the stomach, the bolus mixes with digestive juices such as hydrochloric acid to produce chyme.

After 8 hours, chyme moves to the small intestine where the nutrients are absorbed.

Then, it moves to the large intestine where water is absorbed.

Anything remaining moves the rectum to be stored as waste before it is released out of the anus

37
Q

compare digesivte system of cats nad humans:

A

Human intestines are longer than cats,

and cats have sharp teeth to tear down meat whilts humans have both sharpteeth for meat and blunt teeth for plants

38
Q

why do herbviores have longer intestines

A

their body requires more time to digest and absorb plants

and because the intestines contain flora/gut microbacteria which leads to more fermination and aids in digestion

39
Q

LARGER OR LONGER INTESTINAL TRACT/DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
MEANS

A
  1. more length and therefore more time for digestion and absorption to occur
  2. more length means more space for more intestinal flora/gut microbiota –> leads to more fermentation which helps in digestion
40
Q

why is it that cows always eat:

A

its difficult to break dwon cellulose as herbivores eat slowly ocnsntalty to give time for the body to digest the food to preven strain on digestive system

41
Q

How does ingestion and egestion vary

A

ingestion is the first step of digestion and is the intake of nutrients, whilst egestion is the last step of digestion and the excretion of waste

42
Q

what organs make up the GI tract

A

mouth
esophagus
small/large intestine
rectum
anus

43
Q

what is the purpose of mechncailca digestion

A

increase SA:V of food to make it easier for enzymes to break it down chemically

44
Q

why are enzymes biologicla catayalsyts

A

they speed up chemical reacitons

45
Q

Enzymes are sensitivie to and how

A

temperatuee and PH

If enzymes are transported to the wrong PH or temperature. enzymes will denature as the active site has changed thus the receptor are no longer complemematry to the enzyme

46
Q

In chemica dgestion, chemical break down…. to become….

A

chemicals breka down complex polymers to monomers.

47
Q

4 TYPES OF TEETH

A

Incisors-cut food
Canines-tear food
Premolars and molars ridigid surfaces to grind food

48
Q

EXPLAIN THE MOVEMNET OF FOOD THROUHG THE GI TRACT

A

Food is sawllowed into the esophagus
the epilgotsiss stops food from entering the trachea
food is moved through the GI tract by pertaslsis

49
Q

epiglottis

A

stops food frm etnering the trachea to prevent choking

50
Q

what is the bolus

A

mixture of food and salivia

51
Q

what are the 3 parts of the large intestine

A

cecum
colon
rectum

52
Q

lipids

A

break down lipase into glycerol and fatty acids

53
Q

what would happen if there was no bile

A

most ingested lipids would be excreted as faeces

54
Q

how do chickens break dwon food if they dont have teeth

A

the food is stored in the crop then down moves into the gizzard which grinds the food through stones

55
Q

fibirous plant eating animals that have 4 chamebered stomachs are called

A

ruminants

56
Q

what do the 4 chmabers of a rumiant do

A

the firts 2 chambers are responsible for ferminatiion of food before the food is regurgitated, chewed and passed into the second two chambers for chemicla digetsion.

57
Q

hydrchoirc acid do

A

kills pathoens that enter the stomahc

58
Q

optimal ph of pepsin

A

1.5

VCE BIO UNIT 1 CHAPTER 5 (8 decks)

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