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Biology > Exchange And Transport Systems > Flashcards

Exchange And Transport Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Tidal volume is

A

The volume of air in each breath

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2
Q

Ventilation rate is

A

The number of breaths per minute

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3
Q

Forced expiratory volume

A

The maximum volume of air that can be breathed out in one second

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4
Q

Forced vital capacity

A

The maximum volume of air it is possible to breathe forcefully out of the lungs after a really deep breath in

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5
Q

How is TB caused

A

Bacteria

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6
Q

How does TB affect the body

A

When someone’s becomes infected with tuberculosis bacteria, immune system cells build a wall around the bacteria in the lungs. This forms small, hard lumps known as tubercles. Infected tissue within the tubercles died and the gaseous exchange surface is damaged, so tidal volume is decreased.

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7
Q

Symptoms of TB

A 
Persistent cough
Coughing up blood
Mucus
Chest pains
Shortness of breath (increased ventilation rate)
Fatigue
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8
Q

What is fibrosis

A

The formation of scar tissue in the lungs

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9
Q

Structure of gills

A

Water containing oxygen enters the fish through its mouth and passes through the gills. Each gill js made of lots of thin plates called gill filaments which give a large surface area for exchange of gases. The gill filaments are covered in lots of lamallae which increase the surface area even more. The lamallae have lots of blood capillaries and a thin surface layer of cells to speed of diffusion between water and the blood

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10
Q

Counter current system

A

In the gills of a fish, blood flows through the lamellae in one direction and water flows over them in the opposite direction. This is called a counter current system. The counter current system means that water with a high oxygen concentration always flows next to blood with a lower concentration of oxygen. This in turn means that a concentration gradient between water and blood is maintained over the whole length of the gill. So as much oxygen diffuses from the water into the blood as possible

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11
Q

Main gas exchange surface in a lead

A

Mesophyll layer

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12
Q

Gas exchange in insects

A

Air moves into the trachea from the spiracles. Oxygen travels down the concentration gradient towards cells. The trachea branch off into tracheoles which go into individual cells. Oxygen diffuses directly into resourcing cells. Carbon dioxide moves down the concentration gradient towards the spiracles where it’s released into the atmosphere. Insects use rhythmic abdominal movements to move air in and out of the spiracles

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13
Q

Lung structure

A

Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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14
Q

What happens during inspiration

A 
External intercostal and diaphragm contract. Ribcage moves up and out. 
Diaphragm flattens
Increases volume in thorax
Lung pressure decreases
Air is drawn in
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15
Q

What happens in expiration

A 
External intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
Ribcage moves in and down
Diaphragm curves upwards
Volume in thorax decreases
Air pressure in thorax increases
Air is forced out
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16
Q

Movement of oxygen through the lungs

A 
Trachea
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Alveolar epithelium
Capillary endothelium 
Blood
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17
Q

How is fibrosis caused

A

Infection or exposure to dust

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18
Q

How does fibrosis affect the lungs

A

Scar tissue is thick and less elastic than normal long tissue so the lungs cannot expand as much - they can’t hold as much air. Tidal volume reduce and forced vital capacity is reduced

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19
Q

Symptoms of fibrosis

A 
Faster ventilation rate
Shortness of breath
Dry couch
Chest pain
Fatigue
Weakness
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20
Q

Asthma is caused by

A

Allergic reaction

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21
Q

What happens to the lungs during asthma attacks

A

Smooth muscle lining the bronchioles contract and large amount of mucus is produced. Causes constriction of the airways. Oxygen in lungs is reduced so reduced forces expiratory volume

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22
Q

Asthma symptoms

A

Wheezing
Tight chest
Shortness of breath

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23
Q

Cause of emphysema

A

Smoking or long term exposure to air pollution. Foreign particles in the smoke become trapped in the alveoli which causes inflammation. Phagocytes gather at this area which produce an enzyme that breaks down elastin

24
Q

Symptoms of emphysema

A

Shortness of breath
Wheezing
Increased ventilation rate

25
Q

How does amylase break down starch

A

Amylase works by catalysing hydrolysis reactions that break the glycosidic bonds in starch to produce maltose.

26
Q

Where is amylase produced

A

Salivary glands and pancreas

27
Q

Membrane bound disaccharides are

A

Enzymes that are attached to the cell membranes of epithelial cells lining the ileum

28
Q

What do membrane bound Disaccharides do

A

They help to break down disaccharides into monosaccharides , this involves the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds

29
Q

Glucose + fructose

A

Sucrose

30
Q

Glucose + glucose

A

Maltose

31
Q

Glucose + galactose

A

Lactose

32
Q

What do lipase do

A

Catalyse the breakdown of lipids into monoglycerides and fatty acids. The involves the hydrolysis of an ester bond in the lipid

33
Q

Where is lipase found

A

Pancreas - secreted into the small intestine

34
Q

Where are bile salts made

A

Liver

35
Q

What do bile salts do

A

Emulsify lipids. They cause the lipids to form small droplets. Several small droplets have a bigger surface area than a single large droplet so the formation of small droplets greatly increases the surface area of lipid that’s available for lipase to work on. Once the lipid has been broken down by lipase, the monoglycerides and fatty acids stick with the bile salts to form micelles

36
Q

What do micelles do

A

Help the products of lipid digestion to be absorbed

37
Q

Endopeptidases act to hydrolyse peptide bonds where on the protein

A

Within the protein

38
Q

Exopeptidases act to hydrolyse peptide bonds where in the protein

A

At the end of the protein - they remove single amino acids from proteins

39
Q

What are dipeptidases

A

Dipeptidases are exopeptidases that work specifically on dipeptides. They act to separate the two amino acids that make up a dipeptide by hydrolysing the peptide bond between them

40
Q

How is glucose absorbed

A

Glucose is absorbed by active transport with sodium ions via a cotransporter protein

41
Q

How is galactose absorbed

A

Galactose is absorbed by active transport with sodium ions via a cotransporter protein

42
Q

How is fructose absorbed

A

Fructose is absorbed via facilitated diffusion through a transporter protein

43
Q

How are monoglycerides and fatty acids absorbed

A

Micelles help to move monoglycerides and fatty acids towards the epithelium. Micelles constantly break up and reform so they can released the monoglycerides and fatty acids allowing them to be absorbed. Micelles are not taken up across the epithelium. Monoglycerides and fatty acids are lipid soluble so can diffuse directly across the epithelium cell membrane

44
Q

How are amino acids absorbed

A

sodium ions are actively transported out of the epithelial cells into the ileum. They then diffuse back into the cells through sodium dependent transporter proteins in the epithelial cell membranes carrying amino acids with them

45
Q

Structure of haemoglobin

A

Haemoglobib is a large protein with a quaternary structure. Each chain has a harm group which contains an iron on and gives haemoglobin its red colour. Each molecule of haemoglobin can carry four oxygen molecules

46
Q

How does haemoglobin transport oxygen around the body

A

In the lungs oxygen joins to haemoglobin in red blood cells to form oxyhemoglobin during association. Oxygen unbinds to haemoglobin during dissociation

47
Q

What is affinity for oxygen

A

Affinity for oxygen means the tendency a molecule has to bind with oxygen

48
Q

High partial pressure means high affinity for oxygen

A

Low partial pressure means low affinity for oxygen

49
Q

High partial pressure of carbon dioxide in a cell means

A

More oxygen is released into cell

50
Q

The cardiac cycle

A

The ventricles are relaxed. The atria contract, decreasing the volume of the chambers and increasing the pressure inside the chambers. This pushes the blood into the ventricles. There’s a slight increase in ventricular pressure and chamber volume as the ventricles received the ejected blood from the contracting atria
The atria relax. The ventricles contract, decreasing their volume and increasing their pressure. The pressure becomes higher in the ventricles than the atria which forces the atrioventricular valves shut to prevent back flow. The semi lunar valves are forced open
The ventricles and the atria relax. The higher pressure in the pulmonary artery and aorta closes the semi lunar valve to prevent back flow into the ventricles. Blood returns to the heart and the atria fill again due to the higher pressure in the vena cava and pulmonary vein. In turn this starts to increase the pressure of the atria. As the ventricles continue to relax, their pressure falls below the pressure of the atria and so the atrioventricular valves open. This allows blood to flow passively into the ventricles from the atria

51
Q

The inner lining of arteries are folded because…

A

They allow the artery to stretch

52
Q

Why do veins contain valves

A

To prevent back flow

53
Q

Water movement in a plant - cohesion tension theory

A

Water evaporates from the leaves at the top of the xylem during transpiration. This creates tension which pullls more water into the leaf. Water molecules are cohesive so when some are pulled into the leaf, others follow. This means the whole column of water in the xylem from the leaves down to the roots moves upwards. Water then enters the stem through the roots

54
Q

How does light intensity affect transpiration

A

The lighter is is the faster the transpiration rate is because the stomata open when it gets light to let in CO2 for photosynthesis

55
Q

What is a gas exchange surface

A

Boundary between the outside environment and the internal environment of an organism

56
Q

What happens to the body during forced expiration

A

External intercostal muscles relax
Internal intercostal muscles contract
Ribcage pulled down and in even more

57
Q

What does elastin do

A

Help alveoli recoil to their normal shape after inhaling and exhaling air

Biology (15 decks)

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