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GCSE Biology > Exchange And Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Exchange And Transport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Why might an organism need to transport oxygen?

A

For it to reach cells through the blood for aerobic respiration to release energy

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2
Q

Why might an organism need to transport carbon dioxide?

A

To be released from the body, from the blood to the alveoli to then be breathed out

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3
Q

Why might an organism need to transport water?

A

In case there is too much water that needs to be controlled by osmoregulation

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4
Q

Why might an organism need to transport dissolved food molecules?

A

To be used for aerobic respiration

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5
Q

How do you calculate surface area to volume ratio?

A

Surface area
——————
Volume

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6
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen ——> Carbon dioxide + water

C6 H12O6 + 6O 2 ——> 6CO 2 + 6H 2O

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7
Q

What are the factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  • Surface area
  • Concentration gradient
  • Diffusion distance
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8
Q

How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The greater the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion

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9
Q

How does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion

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10
Q

How does the diffusion distance affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The greater the diffusion distance, the slower the rate of diffusion

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11
Q

How have alveoli adapted for their function?

A
  • Large surface area
  • Thin walls
  • Permeable walls
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12
Q

What is an erythrocyte?

A

A red blood cell

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13
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

Transport oxygen

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14
Q

What is Fick’s law?

A

. Surface area x Concentration gradient
Rate of diffusion ∝ ——————————————————
. Thickness of membrane

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15
Q

What is plasma?

A

A yellow coloured liquid that transfers substances around the body

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16
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A
  • Ingest pathogens (phagocytes)
  • Produce antibodies (lymphocytes)
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17
Q

What do platelets do?

A

Help in blood clotting

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18
Q

How have red blood cells adapted to carry out its function?

A
  • Has no nucleus (to maximise amount of haemoglobin)
  • Biconcave shape (for greater surface area)
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19
Q

How can red blood cells carry oxygen?

A

They contain haemoglobin which oxygen binds to

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20
Q

Describe the structure of an artery

A
  • Thick, elastic walls
  • Small lumen
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21
Q

Why do arteries have thick walls?

A

To be able to withstand high blood pressure & changes in blood pressure

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22
Q

Describe the structure of a vein

A
  • Thinner cell wall
  • Large lumen
  • Has valves
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23
Q

Why do veins have thinner cell walls?

A

Blood passes through at a low pressure

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24
Q

Why do veins have a large lumen?

A
  • To allow more blood to flow more easily
  • More space due to thinner cell walls
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25
Q

What do valves in the blood do?

A

Prevent the back flow of blood

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26
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries

A

Thin cell wall (only one cell thick)

27
Q

Why do capillaries have thin cell walls?

A

To allow a fast rate of diffusion for chemicals passing in and out of it

28
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4

29
Q

Name the different chambers in the heart?

A
  • Left atrium
  • Right atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Right ventricle
30
Q

What is the type of circulatory system present in humans

A

Double circulatory system

31
Q

What does the pulmonary vein do?

A

Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs into the heart

32
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body

33
Q

What does the vena cava do?

A

Bring deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart

34
Q

What does the pulmonary artery do?

A

Take deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

35
Q

What major blood vessel brings blood from the lungs into the heart?

A

The pulmonary vein

36
Q

What major blood vessel carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body?

A

The aorta

37
Q

What major blood vessel brings blood from the body to the heart?

A

The vena cava

38
Q

What major blood vessel takes blood from the heart to the lungs?

A

The pulmonary artery

39
Q

Describe the order of which blood passes through major vessels and chambers, coming from the lungs to get to the rest of the body

A
  • Enters the heart through the pulmonary vein
  • Passes into the left atrium
  • Passes into the left ventricle
  • Exits through the aorta
40
Q

Describe the order of which blood passes through certain vessels and chambres, coming from the body to get to the lungs

A
  • Enters the heart through the vena cava
  • Passes into right atrium
  • Passes into right ventricle
  • Exits through the pulmonary artery
41
Q

Why does the left side of the heart have thicker muscle tissue?

A

More force is required to pump the blood as a greater distance is being travelled by it

42
Q

What do tendons in the heart do?

A

Hold the heart valves in place

43
Q

How do heart valves work?

A

When the heart muscle contracts blood can go through, when it relaxes, it closes and blood can’t go through

44
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose –> Lactic acid

45
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

An exothermic reaction which occurs continuously in living cells to release energy

46
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

In mitochondria

47
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration take place?

A

In cytoplasm

48
Q

When do animals anaerobicly respire?

A

When aerobic respiration reduces due to a lack of oxygen

49
Q

What is lactic acid?

A

A toxic chemical that causes muscles to tire out that can be broken down by oxygen

50
Q

At what organ does blood become oxidised?

A

The lungs

51
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

52
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of times the heart beats in a minute

53
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped from the heart with each beat

54
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = Stroke volume x Heart rate

55
Q

Why is soda lime used when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

A

Since it absorbs CO2

56
Q

Why is cotton wool used when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

A

For the insects to stand on

57
Q

Why is a control experiment set up when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

A

To see if temperature actually has an effect on the rate of respiration, to increase the validity of the results

58
Q

What is the independent variable when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

A

The temperature the insects are exposed to

59
Q

Describe the apparatus set up when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

A
  • Test tubes with soda lime at the bottom
  • Cotton wool will be above the soda lime
  • A respirometer will be attached to the top of each test tube
  • Water baths will be set up at different temperatures
60
Q

What happens to the respirometer when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

A

The coloured liquid will move down the respirometer due to the change in air pressure in the test tube

61
Q

What was the dependent variable when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

A

The distance the coloured liquid moved in the respirometer

62
Q

What control variables are used when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

A
  • Time each test tube spent in the water bath
  • Number of / mass of insects per test tube
  • Volume of soda lime
63
Q

Why are the test tubes left in the water baths for a period of time before recording results when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

A

To allow the insects to acclimatise to the temperature

GCSE Biology (15 decks)

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