Exchange And Transport In Animals

Question 1

Why might an organism need to transport oxygen?

Answer 1

For it to reach cells through the blood for aerobic respiration to release energy

Question 2

Why might an organism need to transport carbon dioxide?

Answer 2

To be released from the body, from the blood to the alveoli to then be breathed out

Question 3

Why might an organism need to transport water?

Answer 3

In case there is too much water that needs to be controlled by osmoregulation

Question 4

Why might an organism need to transport dissolved food molecules?

Answer 4

To be used for aerobic respiration

Question 5

How do you calculate surface area to volume ratio?

Answer 5

Surface area
——————
Volume

Question 6

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

Answer 6

Glucose + oxygen ——> Carbon dioxide + water

C₆ H₁₂O₆ + 6O ₂ ——> 6CO ₂ + 6H ₂O

Question 7

What are the factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 7

• Surface area
• Concentration gradient
• Diffusion distance

Question 8

How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 8

The greater the surface area, the faster the rate of diffusion

Question 9

How does the concentration gradient affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 9

The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion

Question 10

How does the diffusion distance affect the rate of diffusion?

Answer 10

The greater the diffusion distance, the slower the rate of diffusion

Question 11

How have alveoli adapted for their function?

Answer 11

• Large surface area
• Thin walls
• Permeable walls

Question 12

What is an erythrocyte?

Answer 12

A red blood cell

Question 13

What do red blood cells do?

Answer 13

Transport oxygen

Question 14

What is Fick’s law?

Answer 14

. Surface area x Concentration gradient
Rate of diffusion ∝ ——————————————————
. Thickness of membrane

Question 15

What is plasma?

Answer 15

A yellow coloured liquid that transfers substances around the body

Question 16

What do white blood cells do?

Answer 16

• Ingest pathogens (phagocytes)
• Produce antibodies (lymphocytes)

Question 17

What do platelets do?

Answer 17

Help in blood clotting

Question 18

How have red blood cells adapted to carry out its function?

Answer 18

• Has no nucleus (to maximise amount of haemoglobin)
• Biconcave shape (for greater surface area)

Question 19

How can red blood cells carry oxygen?

Answer 19

They contain haemoglobin which oxygen binds to

Question 20

Describe the structure of an artery

Answer 20

• Thick, elastic walls
• Small lumen

Question 21

Why do arteries have thick walls?

Answer 21

To be able to withstand high blood pressure & changes in blood pressure

Question 22

Describe the structure of a vein

Answer 22

• Thinner cell wall
• Large lumen
• Has valves

Question 23

Why do veins have thinner cell walls?

Answer 23

Blood passes through at a low pressure

Question 24

Why do veins have a large lumen?

Answer 24

• To allow more blood to flow more easily
• More space due to thinner cell walls

Question 25

What do valves in the blood do?

Answer 25

Prevent the back flow of blood

Question 26

Describe the structure of capillaries

Answer 26

Thin cell wall (only one cell thick)

Question 27

Why do capillaries have thin cell walls?

Answer 27

To allow a fast rate of diffusion for chemicals passing in and out of it

Question 28

How many chambers does the heart have?

Answer 28

4

Question 29

Name the different chambers in the heart?

Answer 29

- Left atrium - Right atrium - Left ventricle - Right ventricle

Question 30

What is the type of circulatory system present in humans

Answer 30

Double circulatory system

Question 31

What does the pulmonary vein do?

Answer 31

Brings oxygenated blood from the lungs into the heart

Question 32

What does the aorta do?

Answer 32

Carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body

Question 33

What does the vena cava do?

Answer 33

Bring deoxygenated blood from the body into the heart

Question 34

What does the pulmonary artery do?

Answer 34

Take deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

Question 35

What major blood vessel brings blood from the lungs into the heart?

Answer 35

The pulmonary vein

Question 36

What major blood vessel carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body?

Answer 36

The aorta

Question 37

What major blood vessel brings blood from the body to the heart?

Answer 37

The vena cava

Question 38

What major blood vessel takes blood from the heart to the lungs?

Answer 38

The pulmonary artery

Question 39

Describe the order of which blood passes through major vessels and chambers, coming from the lungs to get to the rest of the body

Answer 39

- Enters the heart through the pulmonary vein - Passes into the left atrium - Passes into the left ventricle - Exits through the aorta

Question 40

Describe the order of which blood passes through certain vessels and chambres, coming from the body to get to the lungs

Answer 40

- Enters the heart through the vena cava - Passes into right atrium - Passes into right ventricle - Exits through the pulmonary artery

Question 41

Why does the left side of the heart have thicker muscle tissue?

Answer 41

More force is required to pump the blood as a greater distance is being travelled by it

Question 42

What do tendons in the heart do?

Answer 42

Hold the heart valves in place

Question 43

How do heart valves work?

Answer 43

When the heart muscle contracts blood can go through, when it relaxes, it closes and blood can't go through

Question 44

What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?

Answer 44

Glucose --> Lactic acid

Question 45

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 45

An exothermic reaction which occurs continuously in living cells to release energy

Question 46

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

Answer 46

In mitochondria

Question 47

Where does anaerobic respiration take place?

Answer 47

In cytoplasm

Question 48

When do animals anaerobicly respire?

Answer 48

When aerobic respiration reduces due to a lack of oxygen

Question 49

What is lactic acid?

Answer 49

A toxic chemical that causes muscles to tire out that can be broken down by oxygen

Question 50

At what organ does blood become oxidised?

Answer 50

The lungs

Question 51

What is cardiac output?

Answer 51

The amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

Question 52

What is heart rate?

Answer 52

The number of times the heart beats in a minute

Question 53

What is stroke volume?

Answer 53

The volume of blood pumped from the heart with each beat

Question 54

How do you calculate cardiac output?

Answer 54

Cardiac output = Stroke volume x Heart rate

Question 55

Why is soda lime used when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

Answer 55

Since it absorbs CO₂

Question 56

Why is cotton wool used when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

Answer 56

For the insects to stand on

Question 57

Why is a control experiment set up when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

Answer 57

To see if temperature actually has an effect on the rate of respiration, to increase the validity of the results

Question 58

What is the independent variable when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

Answer 58

The temperature the insects are exposed to

Question 59

Describe the apparatus set up when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

Answer 59

- Test tubes with soda lime at the bottom - Cotton wool will be above the soda lime - A respirometer will be attached to the top of each test tube - Water baths will be set up at different temperatures

Question 60

What happens to the respirometer when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

Answer 60

The coloured liquid will move down the respirometer due to the change in air pressure in the test tube

Question 61

What was the dependent variable when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

Answer 61

The distance the coloured liquid moved in the respirometer

Question 62

What control variables are used when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

Answer 62

- Time each test tube spent in the water bath - Number of / mass of insects per test tube - Volume of soda lime

Question 63

Why are the test tubes left in the water baths for a period of time before recording results when investigating the rate of respiration in living organisms?

Answer 63

To allow the insects to acclimatise to the temperature