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GCSE Biology > Animal Coordination, Control & Homeostasis > Flashcards

Animal Coordination, Control & Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

In endocrine glands

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2
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemical messengers that are carried in the blood to alter the activity of specific target organs

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3
Q

Where is adrenaline produced?

A

In the adrenal glands

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4
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline?

A
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Increased blood flow to muscles
  • Increased blood sugar levels by stimulating the liver to turn glycogen into glucose
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5
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Mechanism that makes sure substances (eg. hormones) stay at the right level

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6
Q

What happens if blood glucose levels are too high?

A

The pancreas produces insulin which causes glucose to convert into glycogen and is stored in the liver

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7
Q

What happens if blood glucose levels are too low?

A

The pancreas produces glucagon which causes the liver to break down the glycogen stores, releasing glucose into the blood

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8
Q

Where is thyroxine produced?

A

In the thyroid gland

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9
Q

What does thyroxine do?

A

Stimulate the metabolic rate

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10
Q

What happens if thyroxine levels in the blood are low?

A
  • The hypothalamus releases TRH
  • This causes the pituitary gland to release TSH
  • This causes the thyroid to produce more thyroxine
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11
Q

What does TRH stand for?

A

Thyroid Releasing Hormone

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12
Q

What does TSH stand for?

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

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13
Q

What happens when thyroxine levels in the blood are normal?

A

Thyroxine inhibits the release of TRH and TSH

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14
Q

Which two hormones control the menstrual cycle?

A
  • Oestrogen
  • Progesterone
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15
Q

Where is oestrogen produced?

A

The ovaries

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16
Q

Where is progesterone produced?

A

The ovaries

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17
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Causes an egg to mature

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18
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stimulate the release of an egg

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19
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

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20
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Luteinising Hormone

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21
Q

What does oestrogen do?

A

Involved in thickening and repairing uterus lining

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22
Q

What does progesterone do?

A

Involved in maintaining the uterus lining

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23
Q

Describe each stage of the menstrual cycle

A
  • Days 1-5: Uterus lining sheds
  • Day 14: Ovulation
  • Days 15-28: Uterus lining thickens
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24
Q

What is ovulation?

A

The release of an egg cell

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25
Q

What is menstruation?

A

When the uterus lining is shed

26
Q

What is conception?

A

Fertilisation

27
Q

What is contraception?

A

The prevention of fertilisation

28
Q

What is the hormonal method of contraception?

A

Contraceptive pill

29
Q

How do contraceptive pills work?

A
  • Contains oestrogen and/or progesterone
  • Oestrogen will inhibit FSH production
30
Q

What are the negatives of contraceptive pills?

A

Can cause changes in:
- Weight
- Mood
- Blood pressure

31
Q

Name 4 non-hormonal methods of contraception

A
  • Condoms
  • Diaphragms
  • IUDs
  • Surgical methods
32
Q

What are the negatives of non-hormonal methods of contraception?

A
  • Condoms can tear or rip
  • IUDs must be fitted by a health professional and can cause an ectopic pregnancy
  • Surgical methods are permanent
33
Q

Name 2 examples of ART

A
  • IVF
  • Clomifene therapy
34
Q

What does ART stand for?

A

Assisted reproductive technology

35
Q

What does IVF stand for?

A

In Vitro Fertilisation

36
Q

How does IVF work?

A
  • Mother is given FSH & LH to stimulate the maturation of eggs
  • Eggs are collected and fertilised, with collected sperm from the father, in a petri dish in a lab
  • Fertilised eggs develop into embryos
  • Embryos inserted into mother’s uterus
37
Q

Why might a couple choose to use IVF?

A
  • If mother has blocked oviducts
  • If father has issues with sperm quality
38
Q

How does clomifene therapy work?

A
  • Drug is taken 5 days in a row each month
  • Causes more LH to be released at once
  • Promotes ovulation
39
Q

Why might someone use clomifene?

A

If mother doesn’t ovulate

40
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment in the body, even when faced with external changes

41
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

The maintenance of a 37°C internal body temperature

42
Q

Why is thermoregulation needed?

A

So enzymes work at their optimum temperature and do not denature

43
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus is thermoregulation?

A
  • Has thermal receptors to detect change in blood temperature
  • Controls effectors when responding to detected temperature change
44
Q

How does the body respond to an increase in body temperature?

A
  • Sweat glands in the dermis release sweat onto the surface of the epidermis
  • The sweat evaporates, transferring heat to the environment
  • Vasodilation
45
Q

What happens if there is a decrease in body temperature?

A
  • Skeletal muscles rapidly contract, causing shivering, causing heat to be released
  • Skin hairs raise, creating a layer of insulating air
  • Vasoconstriction
46
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

The narrowing of arterioles to decrease blood flow in skin capillaries

47
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

The dilation of arterioles to increase blood flow in skin capillaries

48
Q

What is the effect of type 1 diabetes?

A

The pancreas cannot produce insulin

49
Q

What are the effects of type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Not producing enough insulin
  • Target organs not responding properly to insulin
50
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be controlled?

A

Injecting insulin

51
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be controlled?

A
  • Change in diet
  • Regular exercise
52
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The control of water and mineral ion levels in the blood

53
Q

Why is osmoregulation needed?

A
  • To balance water concentration between inside and outside cells
  • If a cell has too much water it could swell and burst
  • If a cell has too little water it could become shrivelled and not function
54
Q

How is urea produced?

A

From the breakdown of excess amino acids in the liver

55
Q

What happens during filtration in the nephron?

A
  • Blood is filtered at high pressure
  • Large molecules stay in the blood
  • Small molecules (eg. urea, water, & mineral ions) pass into the nephron
56
Q

What happens during selective reabsorption in the nephron?

A
  • The kidneys selectively reabsorb molecules needed in the body
  • These include water, mineral ions & glucose
  • The remaining molecules travel through the ureter to the bladder as urine
57
Q

In what blood vessels does blood pass through to get to the kidneys?

A

Renal arteries

58
Q

In what blood vessels do blood exit the kidney into?

A

Renal veins

59
Q

What does ADH stand for?

A

Anti Diuretic Hormone

60
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in osmoregulation?

A
  • Has osmoreceptors that detect change in water concentration
  • Triggers the pituitary gland to release ADH

GCSE Biology (15 decks)

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