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Biology 🌱 > Exchange And Transport In Animals > Flashcards

Exchange And Transport In Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What is blood made up of?

A
  • Plasma (55%)
  • White blood cells (<1%)
  • Platelets (<1%)
  • Red blood cells (45%)
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2
Q

What is plasma?

A
  • The liquid part of blood
  • Carries blood cells through blood vessels
  • Contains many dissolved substances like carbon dioxide and glucose
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3
Q

What are platelets?

A
  • Fragments of larger cells
  • Cause blood clots when a blood vessel has been damaged
  • These clots then block wounds and prevent pathogens getting into the blood

NO NUCLEUS

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4
Q

What are two types of white blood cells?

A
  • Phagocytes, flow around pathogens (ingest) and destroy them
  • Lymphocytes, produce chemical antibodies which attach to pathogens and destroy them
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5
Q

How are red blood cells adapted to their function?

A
  • Contain the protein haemoglobin which can combine reversibly with oxygen
  • No nucleus so more space for haemoglobin
  • Small and flexible to can fit through narrow capillaries
  • Biconcave shape to maximise surface area for oxygen absorption
  • Thin so short distance for oxygen to diffuse through to reach centre of cell
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6
Q

What are the features of an artery?

A
  • Carry blood away from the heart
    - Carry oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary artery
  • Carry blood under high pressure
  • Have thick muscular and elastic walls to pump and accommodate blood
  • Connective tissue provides strength
  • The lumen is narrow
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7
Q

What are the features of a vein?

A
  • Carry blood to the heart
  • Carry deoxygenated blood except for the pulmonary vein
  • Carry blood under low or negative pressure
  • Thin walls, less muscular tissue than arteries
  • Less connective tissues than arteries
  • Wide lumen
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8
Q

How is a capillary adapted to its function?

A

Walls are one 1 cell thick, this allows the exchange of molecules between the blood and the body’s cells, molecules can diffuse across this wall

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9
Q

What substances diffuse into cells from capillaries?

A
  • Oxygen, through the capillary wall and into the tissue fluid then the cells
  • Glucose, from the blood plasma across the capillary wall and into tissue fluid then the cells
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10
Q

What substances diffuse out of cells into capillaries?

A
  • Carbon dioxide, from cells into the tissue fluid and across capillary walls into blood plasma
  • Urea, from liver cells to tissue fluid then across capillary walls into blood plasma
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11
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + Oxygen =
Carbon dioxide + Water (and releases energy)

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12
Q

What are the uses of energy from respiration in animals?

A
  • Metabolic processes, to build larger molecules from smaller ones (e.g. proteins from amino acids)
  • To enable muscle contraction
  • To maintain steady body temperature of birds and mammals in colder surroundings
  • For cell division
  • To move molecules against concentration gradients in active transport
  • For the transmission of nerve impulses
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13
Q

What is energy from respiration used for in plants?

A
  • To build larger molecules from smaller ones
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14
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

The incomplete breakdown of glucose to release energy

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15
Q

What is the advantage of anaerobic respiration?

A
  • Releases energy for muscle contraction when the heart abs lungs can’t deliver oxygen fast enough for aerobic
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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of anaerobic respiration?

A
  • Releases much less energy from each glucose molecule than aerobic
  • Lactic acid is built up in muscle and blood and must then be broken down after exercise
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17
Q

What is produced during anaerobic respiration in plants and some fungi?

A
  • Ethanol and Carbon dioxide
  • This reaction is also called fermentation
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18
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration take place in cells?

A

Cytoplasm

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19
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output =
Stroke volume x Heart rate

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20
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

Mitochondria

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21
Q

Why does heart rate increase during exercise?

A
  • During exercise muscle cells respite faster
  • They need more oxygen and glucose and release more carbon dioxide
  • Faster heart rate means more blood is pumped around the body so these substances are transported quicker
22
Q

Where is oxygen exchanged and why?

A
  • Alveoli in lungs
  • Needed for respiration
23
Q

Where is carbon dioxide exchanged and why?

A
  • Alveoli in lungs
  • Waste product of metabolism
24
Q

Where is water exchange and why?

A
  • Nephrons in kidney
  • Needed for cells to function properly
25
Q

Where are dissolved food molecules exchanged and why?

A
  • Small intestine
  • Needed for respiration
26
Q

Where are mineral ions exchanged and why?

A
  • Small intestine
  • Needed for cells to function properly
27
Q

Where is urea exchanged and why?

A
  • Nephrons in kidney
  • Waste product of metabolism
28
Q

How are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

A

Small size - small spheres about 300 um in diameter, giving it a larger surface area to volume ratio

Number - there are around 700 million

29
Q

How is the diffusion path minimised in alveoli?

A
  • The walls of blood capillaries and alveoli are just 1 cell thick
  • They are lined with a thin film of moisture, gases dissolve in this, making the path even smaller
30
Q

How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

A

The larger the surface area, the higher the number of particles that can move in a given time

31
Q

How does distance affect the rate of diffusion?

A

If the distance is small, diffusion happens faster because the particles do not have to travel as far

32
Q

How does concentration difference affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Diffusion is faster if there is a bigger concentration difference

33
Q

What is Fick’s law?

A

Rate of diffusion 🐟
Surface area x Concentration /
Thickness of membrane

34
Q

How do platelets stop bleeding?

A
  • They have proteins on the surface that enable them to stick to breaks in a blood vessel and clump together
  • They secrete proteins that cause a series of chemical reactions to make blood clot
35
Q

How do antibodies neutralise pathogens?

A
  • They bind to pathogens and damage or destroy them
  • They coat pathogens, clumping them together so they are easily ingested by phagocytes
  • They bind to the pathogens and release chemical signals to attract more phagocytes
36
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from heart (right ventricle) to lungs

37
Q

What is the function of the vena cava?

A

Brings deoxygenated blood from body to heart (right atrium)

38
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

Carries oxygenated blood from heart (left ventricle) to body

39
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

A

Brings oxygenated blood from lungs to heart (left atrium)

40
Q

What is the process of blood circulation?

A
  • Blood enters through the atria
  • The atria contract, forcing blood into the ventricles
  • The ventricles contract, into the arteries
  • Blood flows through arteries to the organs
  • Blood returns to the heart through veins
41
Q

Do you arteries take blood into or away from the heart?

A

Away from

42
Q

Do veins take blood into or away from the heart?

A

Into

43
Q

Which ventricle has thicker muscular walls?

A

Left

44
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a thick muscular wall?

A

To create more pressure on the blood as it has to push it around the body

45
Q

What does the systemic circulation transport?

A
  • Oxygen and nutrients to the body
  • Carbon dioxide and other wastes away from cells
46
Q

What does the pulmonary circulation transport?

A

- Oxygen from the alveoli into blood

  • Carbon dioxide from blood into lungs
47
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle each time the heart beats

48
Q

Is respiration endothermic or exothermic?

A

Exothermic

49
Q

How do you investigate the rate of respiration? (8)

A
  • Place lime water in a tube then place cotton wool above
  • Carefully place a known number of small organisms into the tube then insert the bung and capillary tube
  • Set up a control tube
  • Place both tubes in a water bath at a set temperature
  • Hold a beaker of coloured liquid to the end of the capillary tube so the liquid enters
  • Mark the position of liquid in the tube and time for five minutes
  • Mark the position of liquid again and measure the distance it travelled
  • Repeat the experiment at different temperatures
50
Q

Why is soda lime used in the respiration experiment?

A
  • To absorb the CO2
  • So you can measure the volume of oxygen used
51
Q

Why is cotton wool used in respiration experiment?

A
  • So organisms don’t come into contact with the soda lime
  • Because it is harmful to them
52
Q

What is the maximum temperature the water bath should be in the respiration experiment and why?

A
  • 50°C
  • For ethical reasons as to not harm the organisms

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