Examprep Normal Respiratory

Question 1

Which of the following are present in the respiratory bronchioles?

• Cartilage
• Cilia
• Striated muscle
• Nicotinic receptor

Answer 1

Cilia

Question 2

What happens to CO2 during high altitudes?

Answer 2

CO2 is continually excreted from the pulmonary blood into the alveoli

Question 3

At what landmark does the horizontal fissure originate?

Answer 3

4th costal cartilage

Question 4

How many lobar bronchi are present in the left lung?

Answer 4

2

Question 5

What term represents the volume of air left in the lungs at the end of normal quiet expiration when all respiratory muscles are relaxed?

Answer 5

Functional residual capacity

Question 6

What is the major mode of CO2 (80%) transport in the blood?

Answer 6

Hydrogen and bicarbonate ions

Question 7

What term represents the volume of gas that could be expelled with maximum expiratory effort at the end of normal, quiet expiration?

Answer 7

Expiratory reserve volume

Question 8

What term represents the maximum possible volume of breath that can be taken?

Answer 8

Forced vital capacity / vital capacity

Question 9

What term represents the volume of air that still remains in the lungs after maximal forced expiration?

Answer 9

Residual volume

Question 10

As part of the respiratory control of pH, what response would be expected if the plasma pH decreased?

Answer 10

Increase in the rate and/or depth of respiration

Question 11

What term represents the amount of air that moves into the lungs on maximal inspiratory effort after normal inspiration?

Answer 11

Inspiratory reserve volume

Question 12

At which stage of the pulmonary ventilation is the transpulmonary pressure (difference between alveolar and intrapleural pressure) the greatest?

Answer 12

End of inspiration

Question 13

What is the difference between intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure at the start of normal inspiration?

Answer 13

-3mmHg

Question 14

What is increased as a consequence of long-term reduced ventilation?

Answer 14

Arterial partial pressure of CO2

Question 15

How many times does the respiratory tree branch from the trachea to the alveoli?

Answer 15

23

Question 16

What change will result in a significant increase in respiratory minute volume in a normal subject under normal conditions?

Answer 16

Decrease in arterial pH from 7.31 to 7.15 (increase in [H+] from 50nmoll-1 to 70nmoll-1)

Question 17

Give an example of an intermediate extrinsic muscle of the back which develops with and acts on the ribs to assist respiratory movements?

Answer 17

Levator costarum

Question 18

Where are the receptor changes associated with coughing and sneezing produced?

Answer 18

Hypothalamus

Question 19

Which structure forms the laryngeal inlet?

Answer 19

Aryepiglottic folds

Question 20

What does the gas-blood barrier consist of?

gap between alveolar space and pulmonary circulation

Answer 20

• Alveolar epithelium (type 1 and 2 pneumocytes)
• Fused membrane of alveolar epithelial cells and capillary endothelium
• Vascular epithelial of the pulmonary capillaries

Question 21

What is the equation to work out the pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 21

Pulmonary ventilation = RR x TV

RR- respiratory rate, TV- tidal volume

Question 22

What is the function of the pneumotaxic centre?

Answer 22

Inhibits inspiration

Question 23

What is the primary stimulus for involuntary changes in ventilation?

Answer 23

PCO2