examples for long-term memory Flashcards
What are two common symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?
memory loss and confusion
Which of the following best describes anterograde amnesia?
Inability to form new long-term memories after a brain injury
Which of the following best illustrates associative memory?
Recalling the name of a person after seeing their face.
What is the main function of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?
To protect the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream
Which of the following best defines “bias”?
A tendency to favor or disfavor something unfairly
What is the primary role of Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in the brain?
Involved in synaptic plasticity and memory formation
Which of the following best represents causal evidence?
An experiment showing that changes in one variable directly cause changes in another.
In classical conditioning, what is the neutral stimulus (NS) paired with to produce a conditioned response (CR)?
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
What does cognitive map theory suggest about how individuals navigate their environments?
They form mental representations of spatial layouts.
What is a conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning?
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
What is a conditioned response (CR) in classical conditioning?
A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
In a classical conditioning experiment, a dog initially salivates when it sees food. A bell is rung just before the food is presented several times. Eventually, the dog begins to salivate when it hears the bell alone.
The bell
After suffering a brain injury, John begins telling detailed stories about things that never actually happened. He seems unaware that his memories are false and confidently insists they are true. Which psychological term best describes John’s behavior?
Confabulation
A new scientific theory about memory formation is proposed. It aligns well with existing theories about brain plasticity and neural networks. According to the standards of evaluating scientific theories, this alignment is an example of:
Connectivity evidence.
Sarah studied for her exam late last night. The next morning, she still feels that she has difficulty recalling some of the information. According to the process of memory consolidation, which of the following best explains why she struggles to recall certain details?
The information is in long-term memory but has not fully stabilized.
According to the Constructive Episodic Simulation Hypothesis, when we imagine future events, we are likely to:
Reconstruct elements of past experiences to simulate new scenarios.
A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between the number of hours spent studying and academic performance in a group of college students. Based on correlational evidence, which of the following conclusions can be made?
There is a relationship between studying and academic performance, but causality cannot be determined.
Which of the following best describes the focus of declarative theory in memory research?
Memory consists of explicit, factual knowledge and personal experiences that can be consciously recalled.
The default network in the brain is most active during which of the following activities?
Passive rest or daydreaming
Dendritic spines are small protrusions found on the dendrites of neurons. Which of the following is a primary function of dendritic spines?
They increase the surface area available for synaptic connections
The dentate gyrus is a part of the hippocampal formation in the brain. What is its primary role?
It plays a key role in the formation of new memories and spatial navigation.
DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that affects gene expression. What is the primary effect of DNA methylation on gene activity?
It generally represses gene transcription by adding methyl groups to DNA.
According to dual-process theory, human decision-making involves two types of cognitive processes. Which of the following best describes these two processes?
A) A fast, automatic process (System 1) and a slow, deliberate process (System 2)
Which of the following best describes epigenetics?
The study of changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the underlying DNA sequence.
Episodic memory is a type of long-term memory. Which of the following is an example of episodic memory?
Recalling the events of your last birthday party
Which of the following is an example of explicit memory?
Recalling the name of your first-grade teacher.
When you encounter a face you’ve seen before but can’t remember where or when you saw it, this feeling of recognizing the face without recalling specific details is most likely a result of:
Familiarity
According to the principle of functional localization in neuroscience, different regions of the brain are responsible for different tasks. Which of the following brain areas is primarily responsible for language production?
Broca’s area
Grid cells, found in the entorhinal cortex, play a crucial role in spatial navigation. What is the primary function of grid cells?
They create a mental map of the environment by firing in a regular grid pattern.
Which of the following best describes Hebbian learning?
The process by which neurons that fire together, wire together, strengthening their connection.
he hippocampal formation is involved in various cognitive functions. Which of the following is a primary function of the hippocampal formation?
Formation of new declarative memories
Histone acetylation is an epigenetic modification that affects gene expression. What is the primary effect of histone acetylation on DNA?
It loosens the DNA, making it more accessible for transcription.
Which of the following is an example of implicit memory?
Knowing how to ride a bike without consciously thinking about it.
In neuroscience, lesion studies involve examining the effects of brain damage on behavior and cognitive functions. What is one primary advantage of conducting lesion studies?
They help identify the neural basis of specific cognitive functions by linking brain areas to behaviors.
Which of the following best describes long-term depression (LTD) in the context of neuronal activity?
A persistent decrease in synaptic efficacy following low-frequency stimulation.
Which of the following best describes long-term potentiation (LTP)?
A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength following high-frequency stimulation.
Apologies for any confusion earlier. Here’s an example question involving the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC):
Regulating emotional responses and decision-making
Which of the following structures is primarily involved in the formation of new declarative memories?
Hippocampus
Which of the following best describes an example of misattribution?
You hear a catchy song on the radio, and later hum it, but you think it’s a tune you created yourself.
In a Morris Water Maze experiment, a rat is placed in a circular pool with a hidden platform submerged just below the water’s surface. Over several trials, the rat learns to swim toward the platform, using visual cues around the pool to guide its navigation. After several days of training, the platform is removed, and the rat is given a probe trial where its movements are observed.
The amount of time the rat spends in the quadrant where the platform was previously located.
Which of the following statements aligns with multiple-trace theory?
Each time an experience is encoded, it forms a unique memory trace, and the hippocampus remains involved in retrieving all episodic memories.
Which of the following statements about neurogenesis is correct?
The hippocampus is a primary site of adult neurogenesis, contributing to learning and memory functions.
Which of the following statements aligns with the Neuron Doctrine?
Neurons are individual cells that communicate across synapses.
Which of the following statements is correct regarding NMDA receptors?
NMDA receptors require both glutamate binding and membrane depolarization to activate, allowing calcium (Ca²⁺) to enter the neuron.
Which of the following is an example of habituation, a type of no associative learning?
A person becomes less startled by the sound of a passing train after living near the tracks for several months.
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
A child is punished for not doing their homework, which leads to them doing homework more regularly in the future.
Which of the following is an example of how optogenetics can be used in neuroscience research?
A scientist uses light to control the firing of specific neurons in the brain to study how different brain regions communicate during decision-making.
Which of the following best describes the function of the perirhinal cortex?
The perirhinal cortex is involved in object recognition memory, helping to distinguish familiar objects from novel ones.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of place cells in the hippocampus?
Place cells become active when an animal enters a particular location in its environment, contributing to the formation of spatial memory and navigation.
Which of the following best describes a place field in the context of place cells?
A place field is the region of space in an environment where a place cell becomes active, signaling the animal’s position within that space.
Which of the following is an example of priming in cognitive psychology?
A person quickly recognizes a word after being shown it briefly, even though they weren’t consciously aware of it.
Which of the following statements best describes prions?
Prions are misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to adopt abnormal shapes, leading to brain diseases.
Which of the following is an example of procedural memory?
Riding a bicycle without thinking about the steps involved.
Which of the following best describes prospection in cognitive psychology?
The mental process of predicting or planning for future events based on current knowledge and experiences.
Which of the following is an example of provoked confabulation?
A person with amnesia recalls a non-existent event from their childhood in response to a question about their past.
Which of the following best describes the use of the radial arm maze in animal research?
The radial arm maze is used to study decision-making and spatial memory by testing how animals navigate a maze with multiple arms.
Which of the following best describes recollection in memory research?
Recollection refers to the process of retrieving detailed and specific memories, such as the context or time of an event.
Retrograde amnesia primarily affects the recall of?
events that occurred before the onset of the amnesia.
Damage to the retro splenial cortex (RSC) is MOST strongly associated with which of the following memory and cognitive deficits?
Significant topographical disorientation and retrograde amnesia.
Which of the following is a primary benefit of schematic learning?
More efficient processing and understanding of new information by relating it to existing knowledge structures
The core cognitive deficit in semantic dementia is primarily characterized by:
A progressive loss of knowledge about the meaning of words, objects, and concepts.
Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of sensitization in learning?
An increase in the response to a wide range of stimuli following exposure to an intense or noxious stimulus.
A spatial cognitive map is best described as:
A mental representation of the layout of an environment and the relationships between its elements.
Spontaneous confabulations are best characterized by:
The production of fabricated or distorted memories that are often held with conviction, even when contradictory evidence is presented, and occur without any immediate external cue.
Brain stimulation evidence has primarily revealed insights into:
The functional roles of specific brain areas.
Suggestibility in memory refers to:
The influence of leading questions or misinformation on memory recall.
In classical conditioning, the unconditioned response (UCR) is:
An innate, automatic reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in classical conditioning is a stimulus that:
Automatically triggers an unconditioned response.
