BRAIN CHAPTER 2 Flashcards
what is a Glial Cells
Support neurons; include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.
what are astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia.
Astrocytes support and protect neurons, maintaining the blood-brain barrier.
Oligodendrocytes produce myelin, which insulates nerve fibers in the central nervous system.
Microglia act as immune cells, clearing debris and fighting infection in the brain.
Space vs Body-Centric Terms
Space-centric uses directional terms (e.g., dorsal, ventral),
body-centric refers to the orientation relative to the body.
What are Space-centric terms
Dorsal refers to the back or top side of the body or brain
ventral refers to the front or bottom.
Anterior: Front (towards the head).
Posterior: Back (towards the tail).
Medial: Towards the midline of the body.
Lateral: Away from the midline, toward the sides.
Superior: Above or toward the head.
Inferior: Below or towards the feet.
Planes of Section and what are they
Brain can be sectioned in
sagittal is an anatomical plane that divides the body into right and left sections.
coronal; a coronal plane is a imaginary plane that divides the body into two halves, with one half being anterior (front) to the plane and the other half being posterior (back) to the plane.
Axial planes or Transverse plane;
The transverse plane, also known as the axial plane, horizontal plane, or trans axial plane, is an imaginary plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
CNS(Central nervous system) Protection
The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.
Spinal Cord Layout
Sensory pathways enter the spinal cord dorsally (from the back) through the dorsal root
while motor pathways exit ventrally (from the front) through the ventral root.
This arrangement helps separate the sensory and motor functions of the nervous system, ensuring efficient communication between the body and brain.
Brain Structures & Functions
The brainstem controls basic functions, the subcortex controls emotions.
The cortex handles higher functions like thinking and planning.
Blood Supply:
Brain receives blood through the carotid and vertebral arteries.
Connectomics:
Studies brain connections using advanced imaging to map neural circuits.
The system that consists of the brain and spinal cord is the _____ nervous system.
central
The hindbrain is divided into the cerebellum, pons, and the..
Medulla
The vertebrate forebrain subdivides into the diencephalon and the
Telencephalon
The anatomical word for “toward the belly, or bottom end
Ventral
The fingers are _____ to the shoulder.
Distal
The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system are the two components of the….
peripheral nervous system
Each pair of sensory nerve roots handles input from a narrow stripe on the body surface. These stripes are called
Dermatomes
All sympathetic outputs come exclusively from the middle levels of the..
spinal cord
The _____ nervous system collects sensory input from both inside and outside the body and transmits it to the central nervous system.
Peripheral
The heart rate slows, respiration decreases, and blood pressure falls when the _____ nervous system is in control.
Parasympathetic
The area that serves as a connection between neurons is called the
Synapse
The part of the brain that relays signals between the cerebellum and the cerebrum is the
pons
A group of researchers have proposed that hiccupping may be related to the amphibian ability of
Gill-ventilation
The neurotransmitter _____ plays key roles in movement, cognition, motivation, and reward.
Dopamine
A person with insomnia may have a(n) _____ imbalance
Serotonin
This cranial nerve carries visual signals from the retina to the thalamus.
Optic
the cerebellar neurons that gather and integrate information before and sending output to specialized output nuclei in the brainstem are called _____ cells
Purkinje
The hypothalamus is comprised of all of the following nuclei except the
inferior nucleus
The _____ relays motor signals to the cerebral cortex from other motor control structures like the cerebellum and basal ganglia.
thalamus
The parietal lobe is _____ to the temporal lobe.
Dorsal
The largest part of the human brain is the
cerebral cortex
The large bridge of white matter connections between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex is called the
corpus callosum
The strip of areas that handles sensory input from the skin, muscles, and joints of individual body parts is the
primary somatosensory cortex
Taste receptors send input to the _____ cortex.
primary gustatory
The _____ generates emotions and motivations based in the external sensory inputs of vision, hearing, and smell, rather than internal-environment inputs as with the hypothalamus.
amygdala
