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Axial Anatomy > Example Questions > Flashcards

Example Questions Flashcards

1
Q

W the number of vertebrae in each region of the lumbar spine

A

C-7, T-12, L-5,S-5

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2
Q

Name the atypical cervical vertebrae

A

c1- atlas- c2-axis, c7- prominens

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3
Q

With ref to the joints of the vertebral arches of the lumbar region state the type of joint

A

These are zygopohyseal joints/ facet joints which are synovial hinge joints

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4
Q

Briefly describe the articular surfaces of facet joints in the lumbar region

A

Synovial joints between arches, articular facet on superior process of s vertebrae below with articular facet on inferior articular process of vertebrae above, superior facet convex in l region, opposing inferior facet of superior vertebrae concave and forms an arch with apex pointing towards vertebral body

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5
Q

3 ligaments that support the joints of the vertebrae in this region

A

Interspinous, supra spinous and ligamentum flavum

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6
Q

Name. The structure that passes through the joints of the vertbral arch in this region

A

Spinal cord, spinal nerve roots

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7
Q

With reference to the joints the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs state the type of joint

A

Costovertebral joints, Synovial plane joint

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8
Q

Name the articular surfaces of costovertebral joints, remember ribs and thoracic cage

A

The head of the rib has 2 articular facets, the 2 facets articulate with the vertebral bodies above and below to form the costovertebral joint, connect proximal end of ribs with corresponding vertebrae enclosing thoracic cage from posterior side

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9
Q

For costotransverse joint (which is the articulation between the costal tubercle of the rib and the costal facet of the transverse thoracic vertebrae state the type of joint

A

Synovial plane joint

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10
Q

Name the articular surfaces of costotransverse joints

A

Costotransverse joints are the connections between the articular facets on the tubercle of the rib and the transverse costal facet located on the transverse proces of the vertebrae at the same level

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11
Q

Briefly describe the movement of the ribs that occurs at these joints in quiet respiration

A

Movements of these joints are called pump handle and bucket handle movements are limited to a small degree of gliding and rotation of rib head

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12
Q

With reference to the vertebral column describe the articular surfaces of the facet joints between 5th and 6th thoracic vertebrae

A

Articular facet on the superior process of the vertebrae below with the articular facet on the inferior articular process above, the superior facet of the inferior vertebrae flat in thoracic region, the opposing inferior facet of the superior vertebrae is concave and forms an arch, facet joints between thoracic vertebrae are angled 60 degrees to t plane and 20 degree to f plane

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13
Q

Explain how the direction of articular surfaces influences the movement at this joint (5th and 6th vertebrae) remember which way the facets face

A

The superior facets face posterior and up and laterally, the inferior facets face down medially and anteriorly in the thoracic spine the facet joints are orientated in the frontal plane so the primary movements are axial rotation and lateral flexion, towards lower thoracic spine facet joints orientate into sagittal plane allowing for greater flexion and extension

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14
Q

Name 3 ligaments that support the facet joints in the thoracic spine

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum

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15
Q

List movements that occur at the throacic spine

A

Relatively less mobile, rotation has greatest range, flexion/ extension and lateral flexion are more restricted

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16
Q

With reference to the cervical spine region (c3-t1) name the joints of the lower cervical spine region

A

Intervertebral joints, apophyseal joints, uncovertebral joints (joints of Lusaka) facet joints

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17
Q

State movements of the neck in this region (c3-t1)

A

Flexion, extension, rotation, side flexion,

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18
Q

Briefly describe an unconvertebral joint by stating: the type of joints, the position of the joint and its articular surfaces, remember uncinate process

A

An uncovertebral joint is a synovial plane joint, the articular processes are the ucinate processes of c3-c7 and the inferior aspect of the vertebrae above, the position of the uncovertebral joint is located on each side of the 4 cervical discs between levels c3 and c7 in the spine

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19
Q

List 3 ligaments that support the joints of the vertebral arch in this region c3-t1

A

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligament and ligamentum flavum

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20
Q

With reference to the atlanto occipital joint state the type of joint

A

Condyloid/ellipsoid synovial joint

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21
Q

Briefly describe the articular surfaces of atlanto occipital joints remember occipital condyles

A

The articular surfaces are the occipital condyles(convex), superior articular facet on the atlas concave

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22
Q

List 3 ligaments associated with this joint (atlanto occipital)

A

Transverse ligament, apical ligament, alar ligament

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23
Q

Name 2 movements that occur at this joint give a brief description for each movement (atlanto occipital)

A

As the atlanto occipital joint is an ellipsoid joint it allows movement in 2 degrees of freedom these are flexion/ extension and lateral flexion

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24
Q

With ref to the atlanto axial articulations (synovial pivot joints)
State position of the articular surfaces participating in lat atlanto axial joints, concave atlas, convex axis

A

The lat atlanto axial joints articular surfaces the 2 concave facets of the atlas articulate with the 2 convex facets of the axis, they are concave in an anterior posterior direction which allows rotation

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25
Q

State the positions of the articular surfaces participating in the median atlanto axial joints REVISE

A

The median atlanto axial joints are the articulations of the posterior surface of the anterior arch of the atlas and the front of the odontoid process, the anterior surface of the transverse ligament and the back of the odontoid process

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26
Q

List 3 ligaments/membranes associated with this joint (atlanto axial)

A

Tectorial membrane, apical ligament, alar ligament

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27
Q

Name the movement that occurs at this joint (atlanto occipital)

A

Rotation primary movement at this joint

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28
Q

With reference to sternocleidomastoid give position of this muscle

A

Paired superficial muscle in the anterior portion of the neck

29
Q

State the attachements of sternocleidomastoid

A

2 heads a sternal which arises form the upper anterior surface of the manubrium and a clavicular head from the upper anterior surface 2/3 of clavicle, inserts into the superior nuchal line

30
Q

List the actions of this muscle when working alone

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Individually helps Tilt shoulder on head to Same side,(ipsilateral side flexion), rotates head to turn to opposite side (contralateral rotation)

31
Q

List the action of this muscle when working with that of the opposite side
Sternocleidomastoid

A

Acting together will draw head forwards (protraction) and flex the neck (flexion of the neck)

32
Q

Give 2 functional activities where this muscle is active

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Rotation of head when looking from side to side at a zebra crossing to see if anything is coming, looking down and flexing neck to tie up a shoe lace

33
Q

With ref to the diaphragm state the position and shape of this muscle

A

The diaphragm is an unpaired dome shaped muscle located in the trunk which separates thoracic and abdominal cavities by filling the inferior thoracic appature

34
Q

State the attachements of this muscle to the thoracic outlet

Diaphragm

A

peripherally the diaphragm is attached to the xiphoïde process of the sternum the ligaments that extend over the Posterior aspect of the abdominal wall and vertebrae of the lumbar region

35
Q

Briefly describe in sequence the main action of this muscle in the diameters of the thoracic cage
Diaphragm

A

Primary muscle of respiration, during inspiration it contracts and flattens, increasing vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity, this produces lung expansion and air is drawn in

36
Q

Identify one functional activity on which this muscle plays an important role other than breathing
Diaphragm

A

Core stability, any kind of active contraction so vomiting or urination

37
Q

With reference to the external oblique abdominal muscle

Give the position of this muscle

A

The external oblique is situated on the lateral and anterior parts of the abdomen

38
Q

State the attachments of external oblique muscle

A

Originates from the outer surfaces of the 5th-12th ribs and their costal cartilages, inserts into linea Alba via rectus sheaf, pubic tubercles to ASIS (inguinal ligament) anterior 2/3 of iliac crest

39
Q

List the actions of this muscle on the trunk if the pelvis is fixed
External oblique

A

Contralateral rotation (of trunk on pelvis), lateral flexion, flexion of trunk

40
Q

List the actions of this muscle on the pelvis (shoulders fixed)
External oblique

A

Ispsilateral side flexion, posterior pelvic tilt

41
Q

With reference to rectus abdominis

Give the position of this muscle

A

Paired muscle running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the abdomen

42
Q

State the attachements of this muscle

Rectus abdominis

A

Originates from the xiphoïde process 5th-7th costal cartilages, inserts into the pubic symphysis and pubic crest

43
Q

List the actions of rectus abdominis

A

Trunk flexion, contralateral rotation, ipsilateral lateral flexion of trunk, posterior pelvic rotation

44
Q

State 3 functional activities in which rectus abdominis plays an important role

A

Sitting up in bed and flexing the trunk, reaching over one side of the body to pick up a glass as rectus abdominis is contralaterally rotating

45
Q

With reference to the internal oblique muscle

Give the position of the muscle

A

Found on the lateral side of the abdomen, broad and thin forms one of the layers of the lateral abdominal wall

46
Q

Attachments of internal oblique

A

Origins; lower border of 10-12th ribs, line Alba via rectus sheaf, pectin pubis, inserts onto lateral 2/3 of inguinal ligament, thoracolumbar fasciae

47
Q

State the actions of internal oblique

When shoulders fixed

A

Posterior pelvic tilt, flexion, ipsilateral rotation, bilateral trunk flexion

48
Q

List specific actions of this muscle on the pelvis

Internal oblique

A

ContralaterL rotation, bilateral posterior rotation of the pelvis

49
Q

With reference to transversus abdominis

Give the position of this muscle

A

Presented under the internal obliques on the anterolateral abdominal wall, its fibres run transversely perpendicular to linea Alba

50
Q

Attachements of transversus abdominis

A

Origins: internal surface of 7th-12th ribs ccs, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, lat 1/3 of inguinal ligament
Insertions: linea Alba via rectus sheaf, pectin pubis

51
Q

State the action of this muscle

Transversus abdominis

A

Raises intra abdominal pressure, stabilising muscle of lumbar spine

52
Q

State 2 functional activities in which this abdominal muscle plays an important role
Transversus abdominis

A

When standing still stabilises trunk to balance, when sitting down stabilises trunk to balance

53
Q

With reference to quadratus lumborum

Give the position of this muscle

A

Deepest abdominal muscle, located in lower back on either side of lumbar spine

54
Q

State the attachments of this muscle

Quadratus lumborum

A

Origins: medial 1/2 lower border of 12th rib
Insertions: TPs lumbar vertebrae, iliolumar, iliac crest

55
Q

List the actions of quadratus lumborum

A

Muscle of inspiration, ipsilateral side flexion, lumbar extension

56
Q

State a functional activity in which the muscle action is important

A

Slight lumbar extension when reaching to get a glass of a high shelf

57
Q

With reference to the erector spinae muscle give the position of this muscle mass

A

Erector spinae muscles lie on each side of the vertebral column, lies superficial to transversospinales muscle group

58
Q

Name the members of this group

Erector spinae

A

Spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

59
Q

Give the position of levator scapulae

A

Located at the side and back of the neck, posterior axio-appendicular muscle

60
Q

State the attachments of levator scapulae

A

Origin: posterior tubercle of transverse process of cervical vertebrae 1-4
Insertion: vertebral margin of scapula between superior angle and root of spine

61
Q

List the actions and functions of levator scapulae

A

Elevates scapula and tilts glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapulae downwards
If scapula is fixed a contraction of lev scap leads to lateral flexion of cervical vertebral column and stabilises during rotation

62
Q

Give the position of upper trapezius

A

Large paired surface muscle that extends longitudinally from the occipital bone to the lower thoracic vertebrae of the spine and laterally to spine of scapula

63
Q

State the attachments of upper traps

A

Origin: medial 1/3 of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, spinous processes c7-t12
Lateral 1/3 of clavicle

64
Q

What are the functions and actions of upper traps

A

Contribute to extension and side flexion of skeleton, cervical extensor muscles counterbalance pull of gravity on head, elevates shoulder girdle and rotates scap upwards

65
Q

Position of scalenes

A

Three paired muscles (anterior,middle and posterior)located in lateral aspect of neck, collectively form part of the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck

66
Q

Attachements of scalenes

A

Origins: anterior- anterior tubercles of tp c3-6, to scalene tubercle of first rib
Medial- posterior tubercles of tp c2-7 to upper surface of first rib
Posterior- posterior tubercles of tp c5-7 to lateral surface of 2nd rib

67
Q

Actions of scalenes

A

Action: flexes and rotates neck
Function: elevate 1st rib, ipsilateral flexion, accessory muscles of respiration

68
Q

What type of joint is the costochondral joint

A

Primary cartilaginous Synchondrosis

69
Q

State the articular surfaces of the costochondral

A

Joints of the thoracic wall that conne t the sternal end of the rib to their respective costal cartilage

Axial Anatomy (8 decks)

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