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PSU Freshman > ExamBlock 3 > Flashcards

ExamBlock 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Morphology

A

Physical appearance

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2
Q

P generation

A

True breeding parents

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3
Q

F1 generation

A

hybrids that express the trait found in one of the two parents

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4
Q

F2 generation

A

(Self pollinated F1) Offspring had a 3:1 ratio of purple to white flowers

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5
Q

True breeding

A

All of the offspring have the same trait as the parent when the offspring are produced by self-pollination

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6
Q

Recessive traits in pea plants will

A

skip a generation

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7
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup for a particular trait (alleles)

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8
Q

Phenotype (How does genotype affect phenotype?)

A

Organism’s appearance
Different alleles at a gene differ in their DNA sequences, thereby producing different enzymes when transcribed into RNA and translated into a protein

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9
Q

Alternate forms of a gene having the same position on a pair of chromosomes and affecting the same trait are called

A

alleles

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10
Q

Mendelian traits

A

Traits with simple dominant/recessive expression patterns (one trait completely dominant over the other) (Found in humans)

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11
Q

Test cross

A

Used to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant trait

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12
Q

The idea that for any particular trait, the pair of alleles of each parent separate and only one allele from each parent passes to an offspring is Mendel’s Law of

A

segregation

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13
Q

The idea that different pairs of alleles are passed to offspring independently is Mendel’s Law of

A

independent assortment

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14
Q

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

A

The separation of homologous chromosomes into different gametes.
After Meiosis 1, cells are haploid and have 1 homologous pair. After Meiosis 2, each haploid gamete contains one copy of each type of chromosome (1 copy of each gene found on these chromosomes)

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15
Q

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

A

Explains how meiosis creates the different gamete types used in a dihybrid cross.
The genes found on a chromosome assort into gametes independently of each other. Source of genetic variation in meiosis.

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16
Q

How to calculate the number of different chromosome combinations produced by independent assortment?

A

2^n = # of different chromosome combinations. n= # of homologous pairs of chromosomes

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17
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A cross following the inheritance of two traits

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18
Q

F2 generation in dihybrid cross (law of independent assortment) ratio

A

9:3:3:1

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19
Q

When does Law of Segregation take place?

A

Meiosis 1

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20
Q

When does Law of Independent Assortment take place?

A

Metaphase 1

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21
Q

If there are many genes on each chromosome, how can 2 genes on the same chromosome be separated from one another?

A

Some genes are physically linked to one because they are located on the same chromosome, but they appear to independently assort because the chromosomes exchange genetic material (recombine) with one another.

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22
Q

The Rule of Multiplication

A

The probability of two or more INDEPENDENT events occurring together in a specific combination is equal to the resulting value of the individual probabilities of each independent being multiplied

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23
Q

The Rule of Addition

A

If an event can occur in more than one way, the probability that event occurring is equal to the sum of the probabilities of each way the event can occur

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24
Q

Pedigree

A

Shows a pattern of inheritance that can be observed for a recessive trait (past traits over generations)

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25
Q

Pedigree male

A

Circle

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26
Q

Pedigree female

A

Square

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27
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

Allele that encodes a protein that is involved in chloride ion transport. Problems with salt balance in cells (lungs).

28
Q

Pleitropic

A

Multiple symptoms

29
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

Heterozygote has a higher relative fitness than either the homozygote dominant or recessive genotype

30
Q

Phenylketonurai

A

Only homozygous for recessive allele (need strict diet)

31
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

Affects hemoglobin molecule found in red blood cells. Also heterozygote advantage

32
Q

Dominant pattern of inheritance

A

Trait does not skip a generation. Where one parent is affected, about half of the progeny are affected

33
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

Causes progressive damage to the nervous system. Dominant

34
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Individuals who are heterozygous exhibit a phenotype intermediate between individuals who are homozygous. (Red, white = pink)

35
Q

Complete dominance

A

Mendels experiments, only one trait expressed

36
Q

Codominance

A

Both alleles are expressed in the phenotype of individuals that are heterozygous

37
Q

Phenotypes (Blood groups) O, A, B, AB
Genotypes:

A

ii, IAIA or IAi, IBIB or IBi, IAIB

38
Q

Pleitropy example

A

People with albinism lack pigment in their skin and hair, and also have crossed eyes at a higher frequency
(One gene impacts more than one aspect of the phenotype)

39
Q

Epistasis

A

Interaction when one gene affects the expression of another gene (Horse coat color, horse hair color). (At least 2 genes interacted)

40
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

The total influence of several genes on a single trait (skin color)

41
Q

Quantitative characters

A

Usually indicate that the character is controlled by more than one gene (polygenic inheritance)

42
Q

Wild type

A

Phenotype that is prevalent in natural populations

43
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

X and Y chromosomes

44
Q

Autosomes

A

All other chromosomes besides sex chromosomes

45
Q

Sex-linked genes

A

Genes located on sex chromosomes (X, Y)

46
Q

Hemizygous

A

males are said to be hemizygous for sex-linked genes because they have half (hemi) as many alleles as a female

47
Q

Do traits on sex chromosomes behave differently?

A

Yes because males and females have different sex chromosomes (XX, XY). No because sex chromosomes go through meiosis just like autosomes

48
Q

Color blindness sex-linked trait description

A

X-linked, mutations are recessive, affects more males than females

49
Q

Barr body

A

Inactivated X chromosome that stays condensed throughout the cell cycle (Most of the genes on the chromosome are not expressed and cannot be used to make proteins)

50
Q

XIST gene

A

Found on X chromosome and codes for its own inactivation. (Gene on the X chromosome of mammals that results in the formation of a Barr Body, inactivates the X chromosome)

51
Q

SRY Gene

A

Responsible for the initiation of male sex determination

52
Q

A man with red-green colorblindness will pass the allele for the condition to

A

all of his daughters

53
Q

A woman who has red-green colorblindness will pass the allele for the disease to

A

all of her sons and daughters

54
Q

Chromosomes

A

Linear pieces of DNA that are hihgly folded and compacted (DNA packaging)

55
Q

DNA

A

antiparallel double helix
Held together by hydrogen bond and contain nitrogenous bases

56
Q

Crossing over

A

When two homologs swap genetic material
Source of genetic recombination and produces recombinant chromosomes

57
Q

Probability of crossing over between genes on a chromosome is dependent on

A

the distance between the genes

58
Q

Linked genes

A

Genes that are located on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together (passed along during meiosis and not separated during crossing over)

59
Q

Complete linkage

A

Genes that are close enough together on a chromosome that they never recombine and are always inherited as a unit

60
Q

The closer together genes are on a chromosome, the higher the probability that they

A

will be inherited as a unit (crossing over is less frequent)

61
Q

Linked genes do not follow what

A

Mendel’s theory of independent assortment (inheritance patterns)

62
Q

Recombination Frequencies

A

Frequency at which linked genes become unlinked through crossing over
Can also be used to determine the distances between genes on a chromosome, the higher the probability that crossing over would occur between them, higher recombination frequency

63
Q

Linkage map

A

Genetic map that portrays the sequence of genes along a chromosome, but does not give the precise location of genes

64
Q

Determine the distance between two genes

A

Divide the number of gametes with recombinant chromosomes by the total number of gametes observed

65
Q
A

PSU Freshman (12 decks)

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