Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSU Freshman > ExamBlock 3 > Flashcards

ExamBlock 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Morphology

A

Physical appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

P generation

A

True breeding parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

F1 generation

A

hybrids that express the trait found in one of the two parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

F2 generation

A

(Self pollinated F1) Offspring had a 3:1 ratio of purple to white flowers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

True breeding

A

All of the offspring have the same trait as the parent when the offspring are produced by self-pollination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Recessive traits in pea plants will

A

skip a generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup for a particular trait (alleles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Phenotype (How does genotype affect phenotype?)

A

Organism’s appearance
Different alleles at a gene differ in their DNA sequences, thereby producing different enzymes when transcribed into RNA and translated into a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Alternate forms of a gene having the same position on a pair of chromosomes and affecting the same trait are called

A

alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mendelian traits

A

Traits with simple dominant/recessive expression patterns (one trait completely dominant over the other) (Found in humans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Test cross

A

Used to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The idea that for any particular trait, the pair of alleles of each parent separate and only one allele from each parent passes to an offspring is Mendel’s Law of

A

segregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The idea that different pairs of alleles are passed to offspring independently is Mendel’s Law of

A

independent assortment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

A

The separation of homologous chromosomes into different gametes.
After Meiosis 1, cells are haploid and have 1 homologous pair. After Meiosis 2, each haploid gamete contains one copy of each type of chromosome (1 copy of each gene found on these chromosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

A

Explains how meiosis creates the different gamete types used in a dihybrid cross.
The genes found on a chromosome assort into gametes independently of each other. Source of genetic variation in meiosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How to calculate the number of different chromosome combinations produced by independent assortment?

A

2^n = # of different chromosome combinations. n= # of homologous pairs of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

A cross following the inheritance of two traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

F2 generation in dihybrid cross (law of independent assortment) ratio

A

9:3:3:1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When does Law of Segregation take place?

A

Meiosis 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When does Law of Independent Assortment take place?

A

Metaphase 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

If there are many genes on each chromosome, how can 2 genes on the same chromosome be separated from one another?

A

Some genes are physically linked to one because they are located on the same chromosome, but they appear to independently assort because the chromosomes exchange genetic material (recombine) with one another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The Rule of Multiplication

A

The probability of two or more INDEPENDENT events occurring together in a specific combination is equal to the resulting value of the individual probabilities of each independent being multiplied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The Rule of Addition

A

If an event can occur in more than one way, the probability that event occurring is equal to the sum of the probabilities of each way the event can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Pedigree

A

Shows a pattern of inheritance that can be observed for a recessive trait (past traits over generations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Pedigree male
Circle
26
Pedigree female
Square
27
Cystic Fibrosis
Allele that encodes a protein that is involved in chloride ion transport. Problems with salt balance in cells (lungs).
28
Pleitropic
Multiple symptoms
29
Heterozygote advantage
Heterozygote has a higher relative fitness than either the homozygote dominant or recessive genotype
30
Phenylketonurai
Only homozygous for recessive allele (need strict diet)
31
Sickle-cell anemia
Affects hemoglobin molecule found in red blood cells. Also heterozygote advantage
32
Dominant pattern of inheritance
Trait does not skip a generation. Where one parent is affected, about half of the progeny are affected
33
Huntington's Disease
Causes progressive damage to the nervous system. Dominant
34
Incomplete dominance
Individuals who are heterozygous exhibit a phenotype intermediate between individuals who are homozygous. (Red, white = pink)
35
Complete dominance
Mendels experiments, only one trait expressed
36
Codominance
Both alleles are expressed in the phenotype of individuals that are heterozygous
37
Phenotypes (Blood groups) O, A, B, AB Genotypes:
ii, IAIA or IAi, IBIB or IBi, IAIB
38
Pleitropy example
People with albinism lack pigment in their skin and hair, and also have crossed eyes at a higher frequency (One gene impacts more than one aspect of the phenotype)
39
Epistasis
Interaction when one gene affects the expression of another gene (Horse coat color, horse hair color). (At least 2 genes interacted)
40
Polygenic inheritance
The total influence of several genes on a single trait (skin color)
41
Quantitative characters
Usually indicate that the character is controlled by more than one gene (polygenic inheritance)
42
Wild type
Phenotype that is prevalent in natural populations
43
Sex chromosomes
X and Y chromosomes
44
Autosomes
All other chromosomes besides sex chromosomes
45
Sex-linked genes
Genes located on sex chromosomes (X, Y)
46
Hemizygous
males are said to be hemizygous for sex-linked genes because they have half (hemi) as many alleles as a female
47
Do traits on sex chromosomes behave differently?
Yes because males and females have different sex chromosomes (XX, XY). No because sex chromosomes go through meiosis just like autosomes
48
Color blindness sex-linked trait description
X-linked, mutations are recessive, affects more males than females
49
Barr body
Inactivated X chromosome that stays condensed throughout the cell cycle (Most of the genes on the chromosome are not expressed and cannot be used to make proteins)
50
XIST gene
Found on X chromosome and codes for its own inactivation. (Gene on the X chromosome of mammals that results in the formation of a Barr Body, inactivates the X chromosome)
51
SRY Gene
Responsible for the initiation of male sex determination
52
A man with red-green colorblindness will pass the allele for the condition to
all of his daughters
53
A woman who has red-green colorblindness will pass the allele for the disease to
all of her sons and daughters
54
Chromosomes
Linear pieces of DNA that are hihgly folded and compacted (DNA packaging)
55
DNA
antiparallel double helix Held together by hydrogen bond and contain nitrogenous bases
56
Crossing over
When two homologs swap genetic material Source of genetic recombination and produces recombinant chromosomes
57
Probability of crossing over between genes on a chromosome is dependent on
the distance between the genes
58
Linked genes
Genes that are located on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together (passed along during meiosis and not separated during crossing over)
59
Complete linkage
Genes that are close enough together on a chromosome that they never recombine and are always inherited as a unit
60
The closer together genes are on a chromosome, the higher the probability that they
will be inherited as a unit (crossing over is less frequent)
61
Linked genes do not follow what
Mendel's theory of independent assortment (inheritance patterns)
62
Recombination Frequencies
Frequency at which linked genes become unlinked through crossing over Can also be used to determine the distances between genes on a chromosome, the higher the probability that crossing over would occur between them, higher recombination frequency
63
Linkage map
Genetic map that portrays the sequence of genes along a chromosome, but does not give the precise location of genes
64
Determine the distance between two genes
Divide the number of gametes with recombinant chromosomes by the total number of gametes observed
65

PSU Freshman (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions